ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Ghost in the Machine? Politics in Global Health Policy
Members of the 67th World Health Assembly in 2014 were presented with a framework document to guide World Health Organization (WHO) engagement with non-state actors, a key part of WHO reform kick-started in 2011. According to this document, non-state actors include four distinct constituencies: i) nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), ii) private sector entities; iii) philanthropic foundations; iv) academic institutions (1).
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2859_8d336c19f925a9eb8690a970110f9487.pdf
2014-06-01
1
4
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.59
Global Health Policy
Political Process
Public-Private Partnerships
Policy Analysis
Carlos
Bruen
carlosbruen@rcsi.ie
1
Department of Epidemiology & Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ruairí
Brugha
rbrugha@rcsi.ie
2
Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
AUTHOR
1. World Health Organization (WHO). Framework of Engagement with non-State Actors - Report by the Secretariat (5 May), 2014.
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2. Hawkes N. \"Irrelevant\" WHO outpaced by younger rivals. BMJ 2014; 343: d5012.doi: 10.1136/bmj.d5012
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3. Clift C. The Role of the World Health Organization in the International System. London: Chatham House; 2013.
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6. Barnes A, Brown GW. The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria: Expertise, Accountability and the Depoliticisation of Global Health Governance. In: Williams O, S Rushton, editors. Global Health and Partnerships and Private Foundations: New Frontiers in Health and Health Governance. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan; 2011. p. 53-75.
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8. Das P. Richard Feachem: scaling the heights of global health leadership. Lancet 2010; 376: 1533.doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62018-1
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10. Harmer A, Bruen C. The GAVI Alliance. In: Hale T, D Held, editors. Handbook of Transnational Governance: New Institutions and Innovations. London: Polity Press; 2011. p. 384-94.
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11. Muraskin W. The Last Years of the CVI and the Birth of GAVI. In: Reich M, editor. Public-Private Partnerships for Public Health. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Centre for Population & Development Studies; 2002. p. 115-68.
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14. Lidén J. The Grand Decade for Global Health: 1998–2008. Chatham House Working Group on Governance. London: Chatham House; 2013.
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18. Ooms G, Hammonds R. Right to health and global public health research: from tensions to synergy? Trop Med Int Health 2014; 19: 620-4. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12287
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19. Bernier NF, Clavier C. Public health policy research: making the case for a political science approach. Health PromotInt2011; 26: 109-16. doi: 10.1093/heapro/daq079
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20. Liverani M, Hawkins B, Parkhurst JO. Political and institutionalinfluences on the use of evidence in public health policy. Asystematic review. PLoS One 2013; 8: e77404. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077404
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21. Barnes A, Parkhurst J. Can Global Health Policy be Depoliticized? A Critique of Global Calls for Evidence-Based Policy. In: Brown GW, G Yamey, S Wamala, editors. The Handbook of Global Health policy. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014. p. 158-73.
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22. Brugha R, Bruen C, Tangcharoensathien V. Understanding Global Helath Policy. In: Brown GW, G Yamey, S Wamala, editors. The Handbook of Global Health policy. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014. p. 21-45.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Core Attributes of Stewardship; Foundation of Sound Health System
Stewardship is not a new concept for public policy, but has not been used to its optimum by the health policy-makers. Although it is being practiced in most successful models of health system, but the onus to this function is still due till date. Lately, few experts in World Health Organization (WHO) have realized its importance and have been raising the issue at different platforms to pursue the most important function of the health system i.e. stewardship. These core attributes of stewardship need to be understood in totality for better understanding of the concept. The core attributes required for hassle free functioning of a health system include responsible manager, political will, normative dimension, balanced interventionist and proponents of good governance.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2848_652ef609551e287a9c451eddf98c6b76.pdf
2014-06-01
5
6
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.52
Stewardship
Health System
Governance
Manager
Neelesh
Kapoor
drneeleshkapoor@gmail.com
1
Sub Regional Team Leader (NPSP-WHO), II Floor, Maternity Home, Peli Colony, Aishbagh, Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), India
AUTHOR
Dewesh
Kumar
dr.dewesh@gmail.com
2
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Basni-II, Jodhpur (Rajasthan), India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Nivedita
Thakur
drniveditathakur@rediffmail.com
3
Apollo Hospital, Sector-26, Noida (Uttar Pradesh), India
AUTHOR
World Health Organization (WHO). Health Systems: Improving Performance. The World Health Report. Geneva: WHO; 2000.
1
Task force on Health Systems Research. Informed choices for attaining the Millennium Development Goals: towards an international cooperative agenda for health-systems research. Lancet 2004; 364: 997–1003. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17026-8
2
Travis P, Egger D, Davies P, Mechbal A. Towards better stewardship: Concepts and critical issues. In: Murray CJL, Evans DB, editors.Health systems performance assessment: Debates, methods and empiricism. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
3
Shafriz JM. International encyclopaedia of public policy and administration. Boulder: Westview Press; 1998.
4
Kass HD. Stewardship as a fundamental element in images of public administration. In: Kass HD, Catron B, editors. Images and identities in public administration. London: Sage; 1990. p. 113–31.
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Block P. Stewardship-choosing service over self-interest. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers; 1993.
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Saltman RB, Ferroussier-Davis O. On the concept of stewardship in health policy. Bull World Health Organ 2000; 78: 732–9.
7
Kumar D, Kapoor N. Learning Lessons for public health from Polio eradication in India. Int J Med Sci Public Health 2014; 3: 384–6. doi: 10.5455/ijmsph.2014.130420141
8
Calman K. Beyond the ‘nanny state’: stewardship and public health. Public Health 2009; 123: e6–10. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2008.10.025
9
Nafees AA, Nayani P. Stewardship in Health Policy and its relevance to Pakistan. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association 2011; 61: 795–800.
10
Enthoven A, Kronick R. A consumer-choice health plan for the 1990s. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 29–37. doi: 10.1056/nejm198901053200106
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Boffin N. Stewardship of health systems: Review of the literature [internet]. Antwerp; Institute of Tropical Medicine. 2002. [cited 2014 May 1]. Available from: http://www.itg.be/itg/uploads/publichealth/Review%20stewardship.pdf
12
Saner M, Wilson J. Stewardship, Good Governance and Ethics [internet]. Institute on Governance. Policy Brief No. 19. December 2003. [cited 2014 May 1]. Available from: http://www.metisportals.ca/cons/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/stewardship-good-governance-and-ethics.pdf
13
Kaufman D, Kraay A, Zoido-Lobaton P. Aggregating governance indicators. Washington DC: The World Bank; 1999. doi: 10.1596/1813-9450-2195
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Globalization and the Diffusion of Ideas: Why We Should Acknowledge the Roots of Mainstream Ideas in Global Health
Although globalization has created ample opportunities and spaces to share experiences and information, the diffusion of ideas, especially in global health, is primarily influenced by the unequal distribution of economic, political and scientific powers around the world. These ideas in global health are generally rooted in High-Income Countries (HICs), and then reach Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). We argue that acknowledging and addressing this invisible trend would contribute to a greater degree of open discussions in global health. This is expected to favor innovative, alternative, and culturally sound solutions for persistent health problems and reducing inequities.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2852_7e458e4277050ee6d0deece7151c71a7.pdf
2014-06-01
7
9
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.55
Globalization
Health Policy
Diffusion of Ideas
User Fees
International Classification of Diseases
Emilie
Robert
emilie.robert.3@umontreal.ca
1
University of Montreal Hospital Centre-Research Centre (CR-CHUM), University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Hajizadeh
m.hajizadeh@dal.ca
2
Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
AUTHOR
Rowan
El-Bialy
reb288@mun.ca
3
Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
AUTHOR
Sayema
Bidisha
bidisha_duecon@yahoo.com
4
Department of Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
AUTHOR
Second Global Symposium on Health Systems Research. Global Symposium on Health Systems Research (HSR). Beijing, People’s Republic of China, 31 October - 3 November. 2012. Available from: http://www.healthsystemsresearch.org/hsr2012/
1
Wenger E, McDermott R, Snyder WM. A Guide to Managing Knowledge: Cultivating Communities of Practice. Boston: Harvard Business School Press; 2002.
2
Sen K, Koivusalo M. Health care reforms and developing countries--a critical overview. Int J Health Plann Manage 1998; 13: 199-215. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1751(1998070)13:3 3C199::aid-hpm518 3E3.3.co;2-t
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Kleinman A. The Illness Narratives: Suffering, Healing and the Human Condition. New York, NY: Basic Books, Inc.; 1988.
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De Ferranti D. Paying for health services in developing countries: a call for realism. World Health Forum 1985; 6: 99-105.
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Lee K, Goodman H. Global policy networks: the propagation of health care financing reform since the 1980s. In: Lee K, K Buse, S Fustukian, editors. Health Policy in a Globalising World. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press; 2002. p. 97-119.
6
Gilson L, McIntyre D. Removing user fees for primary care in Africa: the need for careful action. BMJ 2005; 331: 762-5. doi: 10.1136/bmj.331.7519.762
7
Robert E, Samb OM. Pour une cartographie des soins de santé gratuits en Afrique de l’Ouest. Afr Contemp 2012; 3/2012: 100-1. doi: 10.3917/afco.243.0100
8
Summerfield D. Cross-cultural Perspectives on the Medicalization of Human Suffering. In: Rosen GM, editor. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Issues and Controversies. Chicester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2004. p. 233-45.
9
Summerfield D. How scientifically valid is the knowledge base of global mental health? BMJ 2008; 336: 992-4. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39513.441030.ad
10
McKenzie K, Patel V, Araya R. Learning from low income countries: mental health. BMJ 2004; 329: 1138-40. doi: 10.1136/bmj.329.7475.1138
11
Argenti-Pillen AM. The global flow of knowledge on war trauma: The role of the “Cinnamon Garden culture” in Sri Lanka. In: Pottier J, P Sillitoe, A Bicker, editors. Negotiating Local Knowledge: Identity, Power and Situated Practice in Development Intervention. London: Pluto Press; 2003. p. 189-214.
12
The World Bank. The World Bank DataBank [internet]. 2013. Available from: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx
13
Dieleman JL, Graves CM, Templin T, Johnson E, Baral R, Leach-Kemon K, et al. Global Health Development Assistance Remained Steady In 2013 But Did Not Align With Recipients\' Disease Burden. Health Aff (Millwood) 2014; 33: 878-86. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2013.1432
14
OECD. Education at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators [internet].2011. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eag-2011-en
15
Adam T, Ahmad S, Bigdeli M, Ghaffar A, Rottingen JA. Trends in health policy and systems research over the past decade: still too little capacity in low-income countries. PLoS One 2011; 6: e27263. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027263
16
Bliss KE. Key Players in Global Health: How Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa are influencing the game. A report of the CSIS Global Health Policy Center. Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies; 2010.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Knowledge and Perception toward Colorectal Cancer Sreening in East of Iran
Background Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in Iran and its early detection is necessary. This study is based on perception of people in the east of Iran toward CRC screening. Methods In a cross-sectional study, 1060 randomly selected individuals who referred to Razavi Hospital of Mashhad, Iran, between September the 1st, 2012 and February the 28th, 2013 as patients or their visitors involved in an interview to fill a questionnaire on CRC screening. Results The participants’ age ranged from 40 to 88 years (mean= 55). More than 90% had no knowledge of CRC and screening tests. The most cited reasons for not having screening tests were “did not have any problem” and “did not think it was needed”. Although, older people had more knowledge of CRC (P= 0.033), there was no relationship between gender, health insurance status, family history of individuals and their knowledge about CRC (P> 0.050). Employment, education and higher income had positive effect on the perception of people toward CRC screening (P< 0.050). Conclusion Lack of knowledge in people in lower socio-economical class with limited literacy is the most important barrier to CRC screening. As such, designing educational programs involving physicians and media is important to improve CRC screening rates.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2846_69b836e96b08c2724bdea3d77e4dec1b.pdf
2014-06-01
11
15
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.48
Colorectal Neoplasms
Early Detection of Cancer
Knowledge
East of Iran
Farzad
Bidouei
fbidooee@yahoo.com
1
Research and Education Department, Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Saeid
Abdolhosseini
s.abdolhosseini@yahoo.com
2
Research and Education Department, Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Narges
Jafarzadeh
narges.jafarzadeh@gmail.com
3
Research and Education Department, Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Azra
Izanloo
a.izanloo@yahoo.com
4
Research and Education Department, Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Kamran
Ghaffarzadehgan
research@razavihospital.com
5
Research and Education Department, Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Abdolhosseini
dr.abdolhoseini@yahoo.com
6
Research and Education Department, Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Fahimeh
Khoshroo
fahimeh_khoshroo@yahoo.com
7
Research and Education Department, Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mitra
Vaziri
vaziri.mitra@gmail.com
8
Research and Education Department, Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Toktam
Tourdeh
toktam_tourdeh@yahoo.com
9
Research and Education Department, Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Hami
Ashraf
mrhami_ashraf@yahoo.com
10
Research and Education Department, Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61: 69–90. doi: 10.3322/caac.20107
1
Sung JJ, Choi SY, Chan FK, Ching JY, Lau JT, Griffiths S. Obstacles to colorectal cancer screening in Chinese: a study based on the health belief model. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 974–81. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01649.x
2
Tu SP, Taylor V, Yasui Y, Chun A, Yip MP, Acorda E, et al. Promoting culturally appropriate colorectal cancer screening through a health educator. Cancer 2006; 107: 959–66. doi: 10.1002/cncr.22091
3
Pourhoseingholi MA, Zali MR. Colorectal cancer screening: Time for action in Iran. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2012; 4: 82–3. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v4.i4.82
4
Consolo P, Luigiano C, Strangio G, Scaffidi MG, Giacobbe G, Di Giuseppe G, et al. Efficacy, risk factors and complications of endoscopic polypectomy: ten year experience at a single center. World journal of gastroenterology: WJG 2008; 14: 2364. doi: 10.3748/wjg.14.2364
5
Zauber AG, Winawer SJ, O’Brien MJ, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, van Ballegooijen M, Hankey BF, et al. Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 687–96. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1100370
6
Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Brawley OW. Cancer Screening in the United States, 2012 A Review of Current American Cancer Society Guidelines and Current Issues in Cancer Screening. CA Cancer J Clin 2012; 62: 129-42. doi: 10.3322/caac.20143
7
Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, Smith RA, Brooks D, Andrews KS, et al. Screening and Surveillance for the Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer and Adenomatous Polyps, 2008: A Joint Guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. CA Cancer J Clin 2008; 58: 130–60. doi: 10.3322/ca.2007.0018
8
Winawer S, Fletcher R, Rex D, Bond J, Burt R, Ferrucci J, et al. Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance: clinical guidelines and rationale—update based on new evidence. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 544–60. doi: 10.1053/gast.2003.50044
9
Salimzadeh H, Delavari A, Montazeri A, Mirzazadeh A. Knowledge and practice of iranians toward colorectal cancer, and barriers to screening. Int J Prev Med 2012; 3: 29–35.
10
O’Malley A, Beaton E, Yabroff K, Abramson R, Mandelblatt J. Patient and provider barriers to colorectal cancer screening in the primary care safety-net. Prev Med 2004; 39: 56. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.022
11
James AS, Campbell MK, Hudson MA. Perceived barriers and benefits to colon cancer screening among African Americans in North Carolina: how does perception relate to screening behavior? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11: 529–34.
12
Green PM, Kelly BA. Colorectal cancer knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors in African Americans. Cancer Nurs 2004; 27: 206–15. doi: 10.1097/00002820-200405000-00004
13
Jones RM, Woolf SH, Cunningham TD, Johnson RE, Krist AH, Rothemich SF, et al. The relative importance of patient-reported barriers to colorectal cancer screening. Am J Prev Med 2010; 38: 499–507.
14
Tessaro I, Mangone C, Parkar I, Pawar V. Peer reviewed: knowledge, barriers, and predictors of colorectal cancer screening in an appalachian church population. Prev Chronic Dis 2006; 3: A123.
15
Berkowitz Z, Hawkins NA, Peipins LA, White MC, Nadel MR. Beliefs, risk perceptions, and gaps in knowledge as barriers to colorectal cancer screening in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 56: 307–14. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01547.x
16
Holmes-Rovner M, Williams GA, Hoppough S, Quillan L, Butler R, Given CW. Colorectal cancer screening barriers in persons with low income. Cancer Pract 2002; 10: 240–7. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-5394.2002.105003.x
17
Tang TS, Solomon LJ, McCracken LM. Barriers to Fecal Occult Blood Testing and Sigmoidoscopy Among Older Chinese-American Women. Cancer Pract 2001; 9: 277–82. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-5394.2001.96008.x
18
Klabunde CN, Schenck AP, Davis WW. Barriers to colorectal cancer screening among Medicare consumers. Am J Prev Med 2006; 30: 313. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.11.006
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Wee CC, McCarthy EP, Phillips RS. Factors associated with colon cancer screening: the role of patient factors and physician counseling. Prev Med 2005; 41: 23. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.11.004
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Greiner KA, Born W, Nollen N, Ahluwalia JS. Knowledge and perceptions of colorectal cancer screening among urban African Americans. J Gen Intern Med 2005; 20: 977–83. doi: 10.1007/s11606-005-0244-8
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Goodman MJ, Ogdie A, Kanamori MJ, Canar J, O’Malley AS. Barriers and facilitators of colorectal cancer screening among mid-Atlantic Latinos: Focus group findings. Ethn Dis 2006; 16: 255–61.
22
McCaffery K, Wardle J, Waller J. Knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions in relation to the early detection of colorectal cancer in the United Kingdom. Prev Med 2003; 36: 525–35. doi: 10.1016/s0091-7435(03)00016-1
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Koo JH, Arasaratnam MM, Liu K, Redmond DM, Connor SJ, Sung JJY, et al. Knowledge, perception and practices of colorectal cancer screening in an ethnically diverse population. Cancer Epidemiol 2010; 34: 604–10. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2010.05.013
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Omran S, Ismail AA. Knowledge and beliefs of Jordanians toward colorectal cancer screening. Cancer Nurs 2010; 33: 141. doi: 10.1097/ncc.0b013e3181b823f3
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Beydoun HA, Beydoun MA. Predictors of colorectal cancer screening behaviors among average-risk older adults in the United States. Cancer Causes Control 2008; 19: 339–59. doi: 10.1007/s10552-007-9100-y
26
Roozitalab M, Moatari M, Gholamzadeh S, SaberiFiroozi M, Zare N. [The effect of health belief on participation of the official administrative personnel in colorectal cancer screening programs in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences: 2004]. Govaresh 2012; 13: 19–24.
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Janz N, Champion V, Strecher V, Glanz K, Rimer B, Lewis F. The health belief model.In: Glanz k, Rimer BK, Lewis FM, editors.Health behavior and health education: Theory, research and practice. San Francisco: Jones and Bartlett;2002. p. 45-66. doi: 10.1177/109019819101800409
29
CDC Vital Signs [internet]. Atlanta GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2014 [updated 2013 May 11; cited 2014 April 19]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns
30
Guessous I, Dash C, Lapin P, Doroshenk M, Smith RA, Klabunde CN. Colorectal cancer screening barriers and facilitators in older persons. Prev Med 2010; 50: 3. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.12.005
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Miller D, Brownlee C, McCoy T, Pignone M. The effect of health literacy on knowledge and receipt of colorectal cancer screening: a survey study. BMC Fam Pract 2007; 8: 16.doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-8-16
32
Koo JH, Leong RWL, Ching J, Yeoh KG, Wu DC, Murdani A, et al. Knowledge of, attitudes toward, and barriers to participation of colorectal cancer screening tests in the Asia-Pacific region: a multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76: 126–35. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.03.168
33
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35
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36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigating Underlying Principles to Guide Health Impact Assessment
Background Many countries conduct Health Impact Assessment (HIA) of their projects and policies to predict their positive and negative health impacts. In recent years many guides have been developed to inform HIA practice, largely reflecting local developments in HIA. These guides have often been designed for specific contexts and specific need, making the choice between guides difficult. The objective of the current study is to identify underlying principles in order to guide HIA practice in Iran. Methods This study was conducted in three stages: 1) Studies comparing HIA guidelines were reviewed to identify criteria used for comparison seeking emphasized principles. 2) The HIA characteristics extracted from published papers were categorized in order to determine the principles that could guide HIA practice. 3) Finally, these principles were agreed by experts using nominal group technique. Results The review of the studies comparing HIA guides demonstrated there are no clear comparison criteria for reviewing HIA guides and no study mentioned HIA principles. Investigating the HIA principles from peer-reviewed papers, we found 14 issues. These were, considering of general features in planning and conducting HIAs such as HIA stream, level, timing and type, considering of the wider socio-political and economic context, considering of economic, technical and legal aspects of HIA and capacities for HIA, rationality and comprehensiveness, using appropriate evidence, elaborating on HIA relation to other forms of Impact Assessment, considering of equity, and encouraging intersectoral and interdisciplinary cooperation, involvement of stakeholders and transparency as underlying principles to guide HIA practice. The results emphasize how critical these technical as well as tactical considerations are in the early scoping step of an HIA which plans the conduct of the HIA in reponse to local contextual issues. Conclusion Determining the principles of HIA from peer-reviewed papers provides an opportunity for guiding HIA practice comprehensively. It seems to be feasible to develop a universal guide that covers all principles required.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2847_91093a6fd97686f62323bb9f9016d8c0.pdf
2014-06-01
17
22
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.50
Health Impact Assessment (HIA)
Health Policy
Healthy Public Policy
Ali
Fakhri
fakhri-a@kaums.ac.ir
1
Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammadreza
Maleki
m-maleki@iums.ac.ir
2
Department of Health Service Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mahmoodreza
Gohari
m-gohari@iums.ac.ir
3
Department of Statistics and Mathematics, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Patrick
Harris
patrick.harris@unsw.edu.au
4
Centre for Health Equity Training, Research and Evaluation, Part of the Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
AUTHOR
Mindell J, Ison E, Joffe M. A glossary for health impact assessment. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003; 57: 647–51. doi: 10.1136/jech.57.9.647
1
Scott-Samuel A. Health impact assessment: An international perspective. N S W Public Health Bull 2005; 16: 110–3. doi: 10.1071/NB05028
2
Winkler MS, Krieger GR, Divall MJ, Cissé G, Wielga M, Singer BH, et al. Untapped potential of health impact assessment. Bull World Health Organ 2013; 91: 298–305. doi: 10.2471/blt.12.112318
3
World Health Organisation (WHO). Health Impact Assessment: main concepts and suggested approach, Gothenburg consensus paper. Brussels: WHO; 1999.
4
National Research Council of the National Academies. Improving Health in the United States: The Role of Health Impact Assessment. Washington DC: The National Academies Press; 2011. doi: 10.1080/07399332.2011.562837
5
Haigh F, Baum F, Dannenberg AL, Harris MF, Harris-Roxas B, Keleher H, et al. The effectiveness of health impact assessment in influencing decision-making in Australia and New Zealand 2005–2009. BMC Public Health 2013; 13: 1188. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1188
6
Kemm J. Perspectives on health impact assessment. Bull World Health Organ 2003; 81: 387.
7
Harris-Roxas B, Viliani F, Bond A, Cave B, Divall M, Furu P, et al. Health Impact Assessment: The state of the art. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal 2012; 30: 43–52. doi: 10.1080/14615517.2012.666035
8
Harris PJ, Harris E, Thompson S, Harris-Roxas B, Kemp L. Human Health and wellbeing in EIAs in New South Wales, Australia: auditing health impacts within environmental assessments of major projects. Environ Impact Assess Rev 2009; 29: 310–8. doi: 10.1016/j.eiar.2009.02.002
9
Krieger G, Utzinger J, Winkler M. Barbarians at the gate: storming the Gothenburg consensus. Lancet 2010; 375: 2129–31. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60591-0
10
Vohra S, Cave B, Viliani F, Harris-Roxas BF, Bhatia R. New international consensus on health impact assessment. Lancet 2010; 376: 1464. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61991-5
11
Douglas M, Thompson H, GaughanM. Health Impact Assessment of Housing Improvements: A Guide. Scotland: Public Health Institute; 2003.
12
Douglas M, Thompson H, Jepson R, Hurley F, Higgins M, Muirie J, et al. Health Impact Assessment of Transport Initiatives: A guide. Scotland: NHS; 2007.
13
Coggins T, Cooke A, Friedli L, Nicholls J, Scott-Samuel A, Stansfield J. Mental Well-being Impact Assessment: A Toolkit. England: North West Development Centre; 2007.
14
Islamic Council Assembly. Fifth Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan. Tehran: Islamic Council Assembly; 2011.
15
Hebert KA, Wendel AM, Kennedy SK, Dannenberg AL. Health impact assessment: A comparison of 45 local, national, and international guidelines. Environ Impact Assess Rev 2012; 34: 74–82. doi: 10.1016/j.eiar.2012.01.003
16
Fakhri A. Developing a framework for health impact assessment of developmental plans in Iran [PhD thesis]. Iran University of Medical Sciences; 2014. [In persian]
17
Murphy M, Black N, Lamping D, Sanderson C, Askham J, Marteau T, et al. Consensus development methods and their use in clinical guideline development. Health Technol Assess 1998; 2: 1–88.
18
Birley M. A review of trends in health-impact assessment and the nature of the evidence used. Environmental Management and Health 2002; 13: 21–39. doi: 10.1108/09566160210417804
19
Mindell JS, Boltong A, Fordea I. A review of health impact assessment frameworks. Public Health 2008; 122: 1177–87. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2008.03.014
20
Lauzière J. Health Impact Assessment (HIA): Guides & Tools. Quebec: National Collaborating Centre for Healthy Public Policy; 2008.
21
McCormick J. A simple guide to choosing a Health Impact Assessment tool. Victoria: Monash University; 2009.
22
Nowacki J, Mekel O, Fehr R. Generic Health Impact Assessment (HIA) guidelines – Comparative study. Berlin: Congress on epidemiology and personal diseases prevention; 2010. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1266547
23
Bhatia R, Branscomb J, Farhang L, Lee M, Orenstein M, Richardson M. Minimum Elements and Practice Standards for Health Impact Assessment. Oakland: North American HIA Practice Standards Working Group; 2010.
24
Quigley RJ, Taylor LC. Evaluating health impact assessment. Public Health 2004; 118: 544–52. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2003.10.012
25
Parry JM, Kemm JR. Criteria for use in the evaluation of health impact assessments. Public Health 2005; 119: 1122–9. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2005.05.002
26
Harris-Roxas B, Harris E. The impact and effectiveness of health impact assessment: A conceptual framework. Environ Impact Assess Rev 2013; 42: 51–9. doi: 10.1016/j.eiar.2012.09.003
27
Fredsgaard MW, Cave B, Bond A. A review package for Health Impact Assessment reports of development projects. Leeds, UK: Ben Cave Associates Ltd; 2009.
28
Harris P, Sainsbury P, Kemp L. The fit between health impact assessment and public policy: Practice meets theory. Soc Sci Med 2014; 108: 46–53. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.02.033
29
Douglas M, Conway L, Gorman D, Gavin S, Hanlon P. Developing principles for health impact assessment. J Public Health 2001; 23: 148–54. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/23.2.148
30
Quigley R, Broeder L, Furu P, Bond A, Cave B, Bos R. Health Impact Assessment International Best Practice Principles. Fargo, USA: International Association for Impact Assessment; 2006.
31
Bhatia R. A guide for health impact assessment. California: Department of Public Health; 2010.
32
Bhatia R. Health impact assessment: a guide for practice.Oakland, CA: Human Impact Partners; 2011.
33
Bhatia R, Gilhuly K, Harris C, Heller J, Lucky J, Farhang L. A Health ImpactAssessment Toolkit: A Handbook to Conducting HIA. 3rd edition. Oakland, CA: Human Impact Partners; 2011.
34
Wismar M, Blau J, Ernst K. The effectiveness of health impact assessment, scope and limitations of supporting decision- making in europe. UK: The Cromwell Press; 2007. doi: 10.1002/hpm.993
35
Ison E. The introduction of health impact assessment in the WHO European Healthy Cities Network. Health Promotion International 2009; 24: 64–71. doi: 10.1093/heapro/dap056
36
Harris PJ, Kemp LA, Sainsbury P. The essential elements of health impact assessment and healthy public policy: a qualitative study of practitioner perspectives. BMJ Open 2012; 2: e001245. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001245
37
Scott-Samuel A, Birley M, Ardern K. The Merseyside Guidelines for Health Impact Assessment. 2nd edition. Liverpool: University of Liverpool, International Health Impact Assessment Consortium; 2001.
38
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Qualitative Study of Nocebo Phenomenon (NP) Involved in Doctor-Patient Communication
Background Doctor-patient communication has far reaching influences on the overall well-being of the patients. Words are powerful tools in the doctor’s armamentarium, having both healing as well as harming effects. Doctors need to be conscious about the choice of their words. This study aimed to determine the frequency and pattern of Nocebo Phenomenon (NP) un-intentionally induced by the communication of surgeons and anesthetists through the course of various interventional procedures such as surgery, anesthesia, and crucial communication encounters with their patients. Methods The study was carried out by the Department of Medical Education (DME), Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad over six months period. All residents and faculty members serving at our institute in various surgical and anesthesia departments constituted the study population. A questionnaire was employed as the data collection tool. Results Significant proportions of the doctor-patient communications under scrutiny entailed NP. It was more frequently observed in association with female gender of the involved professionals, residency status versus faculty position, and shorter professional experience (i.e. Conclusion NP existed in the clinical practice of the surgeons and anesthetists during their communication with patients. It was more frequently found among females, residents and professionals with less than five years of working experience. There is need to create awareness among these professionals about the subtle negative messages conveyed by such communication and alert them that the nocebo effects have negative repercussions on the clinical outcomes of their patients. The professionals should be formally educated to avoid nocebo words and phrases.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2851_ef7d42a16c09ba98d1f86094331b8207.pdf
2014-06-01
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Nocebo Phenomenon (NP)
Nocebo Words
Nocebo Effects
Nocebo Response
Placebo Phenomenon
Doctor-Patient Communication
Bushra
Ashraf
1
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Mother and Child Health Centre, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Muhammad
Saaiq
muhammadsaaiq5@gmail.com
2
Department of Plastic Surgery and Burns, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Khaleeq
Uz-Zaman
3
Departments of Neurosurgery and Medical Education, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Colloca L, Sigaudo M, Benedetti F. The role of learning in nocebo and placebo effects. Pain 2008; 136: 211–8. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2008.02.006
1
Koyama T, McHaffie JG, Laurienti PJ, Coghill RC. The subjective experience of pain: where expectations became reality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102: 12950–5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0408576102
2
Kennedy WP. The nocebo reaction. Med World 1961; 95: 203–5.
3
Colloca L, Miller FG. The nocebo effect and its relevance for clinical practice. Psychosom Med 2011; 73: 598–603. doi: 10.1097/psy.0b013e3182294a50
4
Enck P, Benedetti F, Schedlowski M. New insights into the placebo and nocebo responses. Neuron 2008; 59: 195–206. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.06.030
5
Klosterhalfen S, Kellermann S, Braun S, Kowalski A, Schrauth M, Zipfel S, et al. Gender and the nocebo response following conditioning and expectancy. J Psychosom Res 2009; 66: 323–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.09.019
6
Benedetti F, Lanotte M, Lopiano L, Colloca L. When words are painful: unraveling the mechanisms of the nocebo effect. Neuroscience 2007; 147: 260-71. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.02.020
7
Colloca L, Benedetti F. Placebo analgesia induced by social observational learning. Pain 2009; 144: 28–34. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.01.033
8
Scott DJ, Stohler CS, Egnatuk CM, Wang H, Koeppe RA, Zubieta JK. Placebo and nocebo effects are defined by opposite opioid and dopaminergic responses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65: 220–31. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.34
9
Benedetti F, Amanzio M, Vighetti S, Asteggiano G. The biochemical and neuroendocrine bases of the hyperalgesic nocebo effect. J Neurosci 2006; 26: 12014–22. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2947-06.2006
10
Keltner JR, Furst A, Fan C, Redfern R, Inglis B, Fields HL. Isolating the modulatory effect of expectation on pain transmission: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurosci 2006; 26: 4437–43. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.4463-05.2006
11
Lorenz J, Hauck M, Paur RC, Nakamura Y, Zimmermann R, Bromm B, et al. Cortical correlates of false expectations during pain intensity judgments--a possible manifestation of placebo/nocebo cognitions. Brain Behav Immun 2005; 19: 283–95. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2005.03.010
12
Bejenke CJ. Suggestive communication: its wide applicability in somatic medicine. In: Varga K, editor. Beyond the words: communication and suggestion in medical practice. New York: Nova Science Publishers; 2011. p. 83–96.
13
Hansen E, Bejenke C. [Negative and positive suggestions in anaesthesia: Improved communication with anxious surgical patients]. Der Anaesthesist 2010; 59: 199–209. doi: 10.1007/s00101-010-1679-9
14
Häuser W, Hansen E, Enck P. Nocebo phenomena in medicine: Their relevance in everyday clinical practice. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2012; 109: 459–65.
15
Hansen E, Zimmermann M, Dünzl G. [Hypnotic communication with emergency patients]. Notfall Rettungsmed 2010; 13: 314–21. doi: 10.1007/s10049-010-1293-z
16
Hansen E. [Negative suggestions in medicine]. Z Hypnose Hyp-nother 2011; 6: 65–82.
17
Colloca L. The influence of the nocebo effect in clinical trials. Open Access J Clin Trials 2012; 4: 61–8. doi: 10.2147/oajct.s33730
18
Ciaramella A, Paroli M, Poli P. An emerging dimension in psychosomatic research: The nocebo phenomenon in the management of chronic pain. ISRN Neuroscience 2013: 574526. doi: 10.1155/2013/574526
19
Saaiq M, Zaman KU. Breaking bad news in emergency: How do we approach it? Ann Pak Inst Med Sci 2006; 2: 72–4.
20
Saaiq M, Zaman KU. Casual consent to treatment: a neglected issue in our health care system. Ann Pak Inst Med Sci 2006; 2: 207–12.
21
Saaiq M, Zaman KU. Pattern of satisfaction among Neurosurgical inpatients. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2006; 16: 455–9.
22
Cheek D. Importance of recognizing that surgical patients behave as though hypnotized. Am J Clin Hypnosis 1962; 4: 227–31. doi: 10.1080/00029157.1962.10401905
23
Lang EV, Benotsch EG, Fick LJ. Adjunctive non-pharmacological analgesia for invasive medical procedures: a randomised trial. Lancet 2000; 355: 1486–90. Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02162-0
24
Varelmann D, Pancaro C, Cappiello EC, Camann WR. Nocebo induced hyperalgesia during local anesthetic injection. Anesth Analg 2010; 110: 868–70. doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181cc5727
25
Lombardi C, Gargioni S, Canonica GW, Passalacqua G. The nocebo effect during oral challenge in subjects with adverse drug reactions. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 40: 138–41.
26
Mondaini N, Gontero P, Giubilei G. Finasteride 5 mg and sexual side effects: how many of these are related to a nocebo phenomenon? J Sex Med 2007; 4: 1708–12. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00563.x
27
de la Cruz M, Hui D, Parsons HA, Bruera E. Placebo and nocebo effects in randomized double-blind clinical trials of agents for the therapy for fatigue in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer 2010; 116: 766–74. doi: 10.1002/cncr.24751
28
Silvestri A, Galetta P, Cerquetani E. Report of erectile dysfunction after therapy with beta-blockers is related to patient knowledge of side effects and is reversed by placebo. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 1928–32. doi: 10.1016/j.ehj.2003.08.016
29
Liccardi G, Senna G, Russo M. Evaluation of the nocebo effect during oral challenge in patients with adverse drug reactions. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2004; 14: 104–7.
30
Manchikanti L, Pampati V, Damron K. The role of placebo and nocebo effects of perioperative administration of sedatives and opioids in interventional pain management. Pain Physician 2005; 8: 349–55.
31
Faasse K, Petrie KJ. The nocebo effect: patient expectations and medication side effects. Postgrad Med J 2013; 89: 540–6. doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-131730
32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Dilemma of Physician Shortage and International Recruitment in Canada
The perception of physician shortage in Canada is widespread. Absolute shortages and relative discrepancies, both specialty-wise and in urban-rural distribution, have been a daunting policy challenge. International Medical Graduates (IMGs) have been at the core of mitigating this problem, especially as long as shortage of physicians in rural areas is concerned. Considering such recruitment as historical reality is naïve annotation, but when it is recommended per se, then the indication of interest overweighs the intent of ethically justified solution. Such a recommendation has not only invited policy debate and disagreement, but has also raised serious ethical concerns. Canadian healthcare policy-makers were put into a series of twisting puzzles—recruiting IMGs in mitigating physician shortage was questioned by lack of vision for Canada’s self-sufficiency. In-migration of IMGs was largely attributed to Canada’s point-based physician-friendly immigration system without much emphasizing on IMGs’ home countries’ unfavorable factors and ignoring their basic human rights and choice of livelihood. While policy-makers’ excellence in integrating the already-migrated IMGs into the Canadian healthcare is cautiously appraised, its logical consequence in passively drawing more IMGs is loudly criticised. Even the passive recruitment of IMGs raised the ethical concern of source countries’ (which are often developing countries with already-compromised healthcare system) vulnerability. The current paper offers critical insights juxtaposing all these seemingly conflicting ideas and interests within the scope of national and transnational instruments.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2850_278771f585f846f21fd3b26bfc9176e9.pdf
2014-06-01
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Physician Shortage
Canada
International Recruitment
Ethical Concern
International Medical Graduates (IMGs)
Nazrul
Islam
nazrul.islam@ubc.ca
1
School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
Canadian Collaborative Centre for Physician Resources. Canadian Physician Resources – 2012 Basic Facts. Canadian Medical Association; 2012.
1
Esmail N. Canada’s physician supply. Fraser Forum; 2008.
2
Esmail N. Canada’s physician supply [internet]. Fraser Forum; 2011. Available from: http://www.fraserinstitute.org/uploadedFiles/fraser-ca/Content/research-news/research/articles/canadas-physician-supply.pdf
3
Statistics Canada. Access to a regular medical doctor, 2011 [internet]. 2011. Available from: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-625-x/2012001/article/11656-eng.htm
4
Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI). International Medical Graduates in Canada: 1972 to 2007: Canadian Institute for Health Information; 2009 August 20.
5
Phillips RL Jr, Petterson S, Fryer GE Jr, Rosser W. The Canadian contribution to the US physician workforce. CMAJ 2007; 176: 1083-7. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.060525
6
Roos NP, Gaumont M, Horne JM. The impact of the physician surplus on the distribution of physicians across Canada. Can Public Policy 1976; 2: 169-91. doi: 10.2307/3549205
7
Canadian Residency Matching Service. Canadian Students Studying Medicine Abroad 2010. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Residency Matching Service; 2010.
8
Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI). Supply, Distribution and Migration of Canadian Physicians, 2010. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Institute for Health Information; 2011.
9
McElroy R. Canada\'s shortage of physicians. Can Fam Physician 2004; 50: 349.
10
Chan BTB. From perceived surplus to perceived shortage: what happened to Canada\'s physician workforce in the 1990s? Ontario: Canadian Institute for Health Information; 2002.
11
Fooks C, Duvalko K, Baranek P, Lamothe L, Rondeau K. Health human resource planning in Canada: Physician and nursing work force issues: Commission on the Future of Health Care in Canada. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Policy Research Networks Inc.; 2002.
12
Ethier J-L, Forté S. Canadian Medical Student Policy Statement on the Recruitment of International Medical Graduates by Canadian Provinces. Canadian Federation of Medical Students; 2008.
13
Busing N. Managing physician shortages: We are not doing enough. CMAJ 2007; 176: 1057. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.070258
14
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario (CPSO). Tackling the Doctor Shortage: A Discussion Paper [internet]. College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario; 2004. Available from: http://www.cpso.on.ca/CPSO/media/uploadedfiles/policies/positions/resourceinitiative/Doctor-shortage.pdf
15
Mullan F. The metrics of the physician brain drain. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1810-8. doi: 10.1056/nejmsa050004
16
Bourgeault IL, Baumann A. Ethical Recruitment and Integration of Internationally Educated Health Professionals in Canada. 2011. Available from: http://rcpsc.medical.org/ publicpolicy/imwc/Canada_Theme_Ethical_Integration_of_IEHP_Canadian_Paper_Bourgeault_Baumann.pdf
17
Wright D, Flis N, Gupta M. The \'Brain Drain\' of physicians: historical antecedents to an ethical debate, c. 1960-79. Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2008; 3: 24. doi: 10.1186/1747-5341-3-24
18
McIntosh T, Torgerson R, Klassen N. The ethical recruitment of internationally educated health professionals: lessons from abroad and options for Canada. Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Networks; 2007.
19
Evans RG. Does Canada Have Too Many Doctors? Why Nobody Loves an Immigrant Physician. Can Public Policy 1976; 2: 147-60. doi: 10.2307/3549203
20
Taylor AL, Dhillon IS. The WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel: the evolution of global health diplomacy. Global Health Governance 2011; 5 1-24.
21
Audas R, Ross A, Vardy D. The use of provisionally licensed international medical graduates in Canada. CMAJ 2005; 173: 1315-6. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.050675
22
Watson DE, McGrail KM. More doctors or better care? Healthc Policy 2009; 5: 26. Doi: 10.12927/hcpol.2009.21000
23
Frechette D, Hollenberg D, Shrichand A. What’s really behind Canada’s unemployed specialists? Too many, too few doctors? Findings from the Royal College’s employment study. Ottawa, Ontario: The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada; 2013.
24
Kapadia RK, McGrath BM. Medical school strategies to increase recruitment of rural-oriented physicians: the Canadian experience. Can J Rural Med 2011; 16: 13-9.
25
UK Department of Health. Code of practice for NHS employers involved in the international recruitment of healthcare professionals. London: UK Department of Health; 2001.
26
Sullivan P. Estimated 1500 Canadians studying medicine abroad. CMAJ 2007; 176: 1069-70. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.070328
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Libertarianism and Circumcision
Despite the millenniums-old tradition in Abrahamic circles of removing the foreskin of a penis at birth, the involuntary and aggressive practice of circumcision must not be made an exception to the natural, negative right to self-ownership—a birthright which should prevent a parent from physically harming a child from the moment of birth going forward. This paper will present a natural rights argument against the practice of male child circumcision, while also looking into some of the potential physical and psychological consequences of the practice. It will compare the practice with that of female circumcision, which is banned in developed nations but still practiced in the third world, as well as other forms of aggressive action, some once-prevalent, while disputing arguments made for parental ownership of the child, religious expression, cultural tradition, cleanliness, cosmetics, and conformity.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2849_e82a50040b519aedb554abd1ec5d35d2.pdf
2014-06-01
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10.15171/ijhpm.2014.51
Male Circumcision
Child Circumcision
Natural Rights
Children’s Rights
Penile Health
Patrick
Testa
1
Joseph A. Butt, S.J. College of Business, Loyola University, New Orleans, USA
AUTHOR
Walter
Block
walterblock@business.loyno.edu
2
Joseph A. Butt, S.J. College of Business, Loyola University, New Orleans, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Darby RJ. Medical history and medical practice: persistent myths about the foreskin. Med J Aust 2003; 178: 178–9.
1
Darby RJ. The riddle of the sands: circumcision, history, and myth. N Z Med J 2005; 118: U1564.
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Gollaher D. Circumcision: a history of the world’s most controversial surgery. New York: Basic Books; 2000.
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Marck J. Aspects of male circumcision in sub-equatorial African culture history. Health Transit Review 1997; 7: 337–60.
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West JA. The traveler’s key to ancient Egypt: a guide to the sacred places of ancient Egypt. Wheaton: Theosophical Publishing House; 1995. p. 187.
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The Circumcision Information and Resource Pages [homepage on the Internet]. [updated 2011 August 28]. History of Circumcision. Available from: http://www.cirp.org/library/history
6
Silverman EK. The Cut of Wholeness: Psychoanalytic Interpretations of Biblical Circumcision. In: Mark EW, editor. The Covenant of Circumcision. Hanover and London: Brandeis University Press; 2003. pp. 43–57.
7
Glick NS. Zipporah and the Bridegroom of Blood: Searching for the Antecedents of Jewish Circumcision. In: Denniston GC, Gallo PG, Hodges FM, Milos MF, Viviani F, editors. Bodily Integrity and the Politics of Circumcision. New York: Springer; 2006. p. 37–48.
8
Narvaez D. Circumcision: Social, Sexual, Psychological Realities. Psychology Today [serial on the Internet]. 2011 September 18. Available from: http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/moral-landscapes/201109/circumcision-social-sexual-psychological-realities
9
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Block WE. Libertarianism, Positive Obligations and Property Abandonment: Children’s Rights. International Journal of Social Economics 2004; 31: 275–86. doi: 10.1108/03068290410518256
22
Block WE. A libertarian perspective on the stem cell debate: compromising the uncompromisible. J Med Philos 2010; 35: 429–48. doi: 10.1093/jmp/jhq033
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Block WE. Terri Schiavo: A Libertarian Analysis. Journal of Libertarian Studies 2011; 22: 527–36.
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Lannon CM, Bailey AND, Fleischman AR, Kaplan GW, Shoemaker CT, Swanson JT, et al. American Academy of Pediatrics: Circumcision Policy Statement. Pediatrics 1999; 103: 686–93. doi: 10.1542/peds.103.3.686
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Paradox of Health Policy: Revealing the True Colours of This ‘Chameleon Concept’; Comment on “The Politics and Analytics of Health Policy”
Health policy has been termed a ‘chameleon concept’, referring to its ability to take on different forms of disciplinarity as well as different roles and functions. This paper extends Paton’s analysis by exploring the paradox of health policy as a field of academic inquiry—sitting across many of the boundaries of social science but also marginalised by them. It situates contemporary approaches within disciplinary traditions, explaining its inter- and multi-disciplinary character. It also presents a ‘way of seeing’ health policy in terms of three axes: central/local, profession/management, and health/healthcare. The paper concludes with a call for a new research agenda which recognises health policy’s pedigree but also one which carves a distinctive future of relevance and rigour.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2845_8efbfe9c7b0fa3b16bac545ff8ec5a91.pdf
2014-06-01
41
43
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.49
Health Policy
Context
Power, Implementation
Mark
Exworthy
m.exworthy@bham.ac.uk
1
Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Klein R, Marmor T. Reflections on policy analysis: putting it together again. In: Moran M, Rein M, Goodin RE, editors. Oxford handbook of public policy. Oxford; Oxford University Press; 2008. p. 892–912
1
Paton C. Disciplining health policy? Explaining health policy by reference to…what? Health Econ Policy Law 2013; 8: 397–405. doi: 10.1017/s1744133113000200
2
Paton CR. The politics and analytics of health policy. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 2: 105-107. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.26
3
Hunter DJ. Public health policy. Cambridge: Polity; 2003.
4
Exworthy M, Powell M. Case-studies in health policy: an introduction. In: Exworthy M, Peckham S, Powell P, Hann A, editors. Shaping health policy: case-study methods and analysis. Bristol: Policy Press; 2011. doi: 10.1017/s004727941200061x
5
Heclo H. Social policy and policy imapcts. In Holden M, Dresang, DL, editors. What government does. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage; 1975. p.151–76.
6
Walt G. Health policy: an introduction to process and power. London: Zed Books; 1994.
7
Davies HTO, Nutley S, Smith PC. What works? Evidence-based policy and practice in the public services. Bristol: Policy Press; 2000. doi: 10.1332/policypress/9781861341914.003.0001
8
Harrison S. The politics of evidence-based medicine in the UK. Policy Polit 1998; 6: 15–31. doi: 10.1332/030557398782018293
9
Pressman J, Wildavsky I. Implementation: How great expectations in Washington are dashed in Oakland. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1973. doi: 10.2307/2129419
10
Exworthy M, Freeman R. The United Kingdom: health policy learning in the NHS. In: Marmor T, Freeman R, Okma K, editors. Comparative studies and the politics of modern medical care. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 2009. p. 153–79.
11
Exworthy M, Frosini F, Jones L. Are NHS foundation trusts able and willing to exercise autonomy? ‘You can take a horse to water…’. J Health Serv Res Policy 2011; 16: 232–7. doi: 10.1258/jhsrp.2011.010077
12
Exworthy M, Allen K. Two cents worth. HSMC Viewpoint blog [internet]. 2014. Available from: http://hsmcviewpoint.wordpress.com/2014/04/14/two-cents-worth/
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Medical Tourism: A Fad or an Opportunity; Comment on “Patient Mobility in the Global Marketplace: A Multidisciplinary Perspective”
This article is a commentary of an overview on “medical tourism” submitted by Lunt and Marrion, which describes a framework for the study of the issues related to medical tourism. The commentary attempts to differentiate between the current interest in medical tourism and the time-honored and well-established treatment abroad from countries with underdeveloped health systems. The commentary also calls for efforts to strengthen medical services and quality of care through the inflow of patients to countries that attract “medical tourists”.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2855_824122c742dd3ad3454c9a920093d425.pdf
2014-06-01
45
46
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.56
Medical Tourism
Treatment Abroad
Health Systems Development
Nabil
Kronfol
kronfolco@hotmail.com
1
Lebanese HealthCare Management Association, Center for Studies on Ageing, Beirut, Lebanon
LEAD_AUTHOR
Lunt N, Mannion R. Patient mobility in the global marketplace: a multidisciplinary perspective. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 2: 155–7. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.47
1
Reed CM. Medical tourism. Med Clin North Am 2008; 92: 1433–46. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2008.08.001
2
Smith RD, Lee K, Drager N. Trade and health: an agenda for action. Lancet 2009; 373: 768–73. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61780-8
3
Hopkins L, Labonté R, Runnels V, Packer C. Medical tourism today: what is the state of existing knowledge? J Public Health Policy 2010; 31: 185–98. doi: 10.1057/jphp.2010.10
4
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Globalization and Medical Tourism: The North American Experience; Comment on “Patient Mobility in the Global Marketplace: A Multidisciplinary Perspective”
Neil Lunt and Russel Mannion provide an overview of the current state of the medical tourism literature and propose areas for future research in health policy and management. The authors also identify the main unanswered questions in this field ranging from the real size of the medical tourism market to the particular health profiles of transnational patients. In addition, they highlight unexplored areas of research from health economics, ethics, policy and management perspectives. To this very insightful editorial I would add the international trade perspective. While globalization has permeated labor and capital, services such as healthcare are still highly regulated by governments, constrained to regional or national borders and protected by organized interests. Heterogeneity of healthcare regulations and lack of cross-country reciprocity agreements act as barriers to the development of more widespread and dynamic medical tourism markets. To picture these barriers to transnational health services I use evidence from North America, identifying different “pull and push factors” for medical tourist in this region, discussing how economic integration and healthcare reform might shift the incentives to utilize healthcare abroad.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2857_08afe95a810c684e575e412c5ef28b14.pdf
2014-06-01
47
49
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.57
Medical Tourism
Patient Mobility
Cross-Border Care
North America
Healthcare Reform
Arturo Vargas
Bustamante
avb@ucla.edu
1
Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Lunt N, Mannion R. Patient mobility in the global marketplace: a multidisciplinary perspective. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 2: 155–7. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.47
1
Laugesen MJ, Vargas-Bustamante A. A patient mobility framework that travels: European and United States-Mexican comparisons. Health Policy 2010; 97: 225–31. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.05.006
2
Glinos IA, Baeten R, Helble M, Maarse H. A typology of cross-border patient mobility. Health Place 2010; 16: 1145–55. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.08.001
3
Bustamante AV, Ojeda G, Castaneda X. Willingness to pay for cross-border health insurance between the United States and Mexico. Health Aff (Millwood) 2008; 27: 169–78. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.27.1.169
4
Gonzalez Block MA, Vargas Bustamante A, de la Sierra LA, Martinez Cardoso A. Redressing the Limitations of the Affordable Care Act for Mexican Immigrants Through Bi-National Health Insurance: A Willingness to Pay Study in Los Angeles. J Immigr Minor Health 2014; 16: 179–88. doi: 10.1007/s10903-012-9712-5
5
Vargas Bustamante A, Laugesen M, Caban M, Rosenau P. United States-Mexico cross-border health insurance initiatives: Salud Migrante and Medicare in Mexico. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2012; 31: 74–80. doi: 10.1590/s1020-49892012000100011
6
Bustamante AV, Mendez CA. Health Care Privatization in Latin America: Comparing Divergent Privatization Approaches in Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. J Health Polit Policy Law 2014. pii: 2743063. doi: 10.1215/03616878-2743063
7
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Magic Mountains and Multi-disciplines in International Medical Mobilities; Comment on “Patient Mobility in the Global Marketplace: A Multidisciplinary Perspective”
Medical mobilities offer both opportunities and challenges. This tension follows the same ratio as many other historic fora, but offers at the same time a sustainable equilibrium. Multi-disciplines are, therefore, the key to the medical lifeworld for the global health and well-being of transnational health users around the globe.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2858_ecf9d2b6e62572881bedd60ac534d015.pdf
2014-06-01
51
52
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.58
Global Health
Transnational Healthcare
Medical Mobilities
Well-being
Regionalism
Citizenship
Tomas
Mainil
mainil.t@nhtv.nl
1
Centre for Health Region Development, HZ University of Applied Sciences, Zeeland, The Netherlands
LEAD_AUTHOR
Herman
Meulemans
herman.meulemans@uantwerpen.be
2
CELLO, Sociology of Health, University of Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
AUTHOR
Mann T. The Magic Mountain. New York: Random House, Inc.; 1996.
1
Lunt N, Mannion R. Patient mobility in the global marketplace: a multidisciplinary perspective. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 2: 155–7. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.47
2
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Glinos IA, Baeten R, Helble M, Maarse H. A typology of cross-border patient mobility. Health Place 2010; 16: 1145–55. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.08.001
7
Mainil T, Van Loon F, Dinnie K, Botterill D, Platenkamp V, Meulemans H. Transnational health care: From a global terminology towards transnational health care region development. Health Policy 2012; 108: 37-44. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(95)00025-3
8
Farmer P, Yong Kim J, Kleinman A, Basilico M. Reimagining Global Health. An Introduction. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2013.
9