ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Cultures of Silence and Cultures of Voice: The Role of Whistleblowing in Healthcare Organisations
‘Whistleblowing’ has come to increased prominence in many health systems as a means of identifying and addressing quality and safety issues. But whistleblowing – and the reactions to it – have many complex and ambiguous aspects that need to be considered as part of the broader (organisational) cultural dynamics of healthcare institutions.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3047_e3dccd77b82c18e7e7a717063215ec06.pdf
2015-08-01
503
505
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.120
Whistleblowing
Healthcare Organizations
Cultures of Silence
Cultures of Voice
Safer Care
Russell
Mannion
r.mannion@bham.ac.uk
1
Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Huw TO
Davies
hd@st-andrews.ac.uk
2
School of Management, University of St Andrews, Fife, UK
AUTHOR
Braithwaite J, Matsuyama Y, Mannion R, Johnson J. Healthcare Reform, Quality and Safety: Perspectives, Partnerships and Prospects in 30 Countries. Burlington, USA: Ashgate; 2015.
1
Francis R. The Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry (Chaired by Robert Francis QC) Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust. London: HSMO; 2013.
2
Ohnishi R, Hayama Y, Kosugis S. An analysis of patient right violations in psychiatric hospitals in Japan after the enactment of the Mental Health Care act of 1987. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2008;29(12):1290-1303. doi:10.1080/01612840802498417
3
Shearer B, Marshall, S Buist M, et al. What stops hospital clinical staff from following protocols? An analysis of the incidents and factors behind the failure of bedside clinical staff to initiate the rapid response system in a multi-campus Australian metropolitan healthcare service. BMJ Qual Saf. 2012;21(7):569-575. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2011-000692
4
Francis R. Freedom to Speak Up: An Independent Review into Creating an Open and Honest Reporting Culture in the NHS. London: The Stationery Office; 2014.
5
NHS Staff Survey (NSS) 2012. London: Department of Health; 2012.
6
Medical Protection Society (MPS). Whistleblowing doctors afraid to speak out. London: MPS; 2012.
7
Jones A, Kelly D. Whistle-blowing and workplace culture in older peoples' care: qualitative insights from the healthcare and social care workforce. Sociol Health Illn. 2014;36:986-1002. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12137
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Blenkinsopp J, Edwards MS. On not blowing the whistle: quiescent silence as anemotion episode. In: Zerbe WJ, Härtel CE, Ashkanasy NM, eds. Emotions, Ethics, and Decision-making. Bingley, United Kingdom: Emerald Group Publishing; 2008:181-206.
9
Kelly D, Jones A. When care is needed: the role of whisteblowing in promoting best standards from an individual and organizational perspective. Qual Ageing Older Adults. 2013;14(3:80-191. doi:10.1108/QAOA-05-2013-0010
10
Henriksen K, Dayton E. Organisational silence and threats to patient safety. Health Serv Res 2006;41(4):1539-1554. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2006.00564.x
11
Cueller M. An investigation of the Deaf effect response to bad news reporting in information systems projects. Georgia State University. Accessed May 10. 2015. Published 2009.
12
Davies HT, Mannion R. Will prescriptions for cultural change improve the NHS? BMJ. 2013;346:f15. doi:10.1136/bmj.f1305
13
Mannion R, Thompson C. Systematic biases in group decision-making: implications for patient safety. Int J Qual Health Care. 2014;26(6):606-612. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzu083
14
Mannion R, Davies H, Marshall M. Cultures for Performance in Healthcare, Buckingham: Open University Press; 2005.
15
Mannion R, Davies H, Marshall M. Cultural attributes of 'high' and 'low' performing hospitals. J Health Organ Manag 2005;19(6):431-439. doi:10.1108/14777260510629689
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Pill is Mightier Than the Sword
One determinant of peace is the role of women in society. Some studies suggest that a young age structure, also known as a “youth bulge” can facilitate conflict. Population growth and age structure are factors amenable to change in a human rights context. We propose that policies which favor voluntary family planning and the education of women can ameliorate the global burden of disease associated with conflict and terrorism.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3040_984f08ce1fa8745dbce068c888b8bec7.pdf
2015-08-01
507
510
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.109
Population
Security
Conflict
Women
Family Planning
Iran
Malcolm
Potts
potts@berkeley.edu
1
The OASIS Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
AUTHOR
Aafreen
Mahmood
aafreen.a.mahmood@berkeley.edu
2
The OASIS Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
AUTHOR
Alisha A.
Graves
agraves.oasis@gmail.com
3
The OASIS Initiative, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ganong WF. Review of Medical Physiology. Los Altos, CA: Lange; 1967.
1
Mazur A, Booth A. Testosterone and dominance in men. Behaviroal and Brain Sciences. 1998;21(3):353-363. doi:10.1017/s0140525x98001228
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Mazur A, Michalek J. Marriage, divorce and male testosterone. Social Focus. 1998;77(1):315-330. doi:10.2307/3006019
3
Mazur A, Booth A, Dabbs JM. Testosterone and chess competition. Society, Psychiatry Quarterly. 1992;55(1):70-77. doi:10.2307/2786687
4
Apicella CL, Dreber A, Campbell B, et al. Testosterone and financial risk taking. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2008;29:384-393. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.07.001
5
The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. New York; WW Norton & Company; 2004.
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Mesquite CG, Weiner NI. Human collective aggression: a behavioral ecology perspective. Ethnology and Sociobiology. 1996;17:247-262. doi:10.1016/0162-3095(96)00035-0
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Mesquite CG, Weiner NI. Male age composition and severity of conflicts. Politics Life Sci. 1997;18:181-189.
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Bank TW. Population change and economic development. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1984.
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Birdsall N, Kelley AC, Sinding SW, eds. Population Matters: Demographic Change, Economic Growth, and Poverty in the Developing World. Oxford University Press: Oxford; 2001.
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Fuller G. The Demographic Backdrop of Ethnic Conflict. Washington, DC: CIA; 1993.
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Hudson VM, Boer AD. A surplus of men: a deficit of peace: security and sex ratios in Asia’s largest states. Int Secur. 2002;26(4):5-38. doi:10.1162/016228802753696753
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Idris M. Syrians flee violence and disrupted health services to Jordan. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91:394-395. doi:10.2471/blt.13.020613
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Hinnebusch R. Syria: from ‘authoritarian upgrading’ to revolution? Int Aff. 2012;88:95-113. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01059.x
15
Mumford SD. The Life and Death of NSSM 200: How the Destruction of Political Will Doomed a U. S. Population Policy. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: Center for Research on Population; 1996
16
United Kingdon Foreign Affairs Committee. The United Kingdom’s response to extremism and instability in North and West Africa; 2014.
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United Nations Population Fund 2012. Marrying Too Young; End Child Marriage. New York: United Nations Population Fund; 2012.
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Hudson VM, Ballif-Spanvil B , Capriolo M, Emmett CF. Sex & World Peace. New York; Colombia University Press; 2012
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Phillips JF, Ross JA, eds. Family Planning Programs and Fertility. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1997.
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Bank TW. Effective Family Planning Programs. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 1993.
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Seltzer JR. The Origins and Evolution of Family Planning Programs in Developing Countries. Santa Monica, CA: RAND; 2002.
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Potts M. Sex and the birth rate: demographic change, and access to fertility regulation methods. Popul Dev Rev. 1997;23:1-40. doi:10.2307/2137459
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Potts M. The Unmet Need for Family Planning. Scientific American; 2000.
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Bongaarts J, Bruce J. The causes of unmet need for contraception and the social context of services. Stud Fam Plann. 1995;26:57-75. doi:10.2307/2137932
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Knodel J, Havanon N, Sittitrai W. Family size and the education of children in the context of rapid fertility decline. Popul Dev Rev. 1990;16(1):31-62. doi:10.2307/1972528
26
Ross J. The Question of Access. Stud Fam Plann. 1995;26:241-242. doi:10.2307/2137849
27
Amnesty International. You Shall Procreate: Attacks on Women’s Sexual and Reproductive Rights in Iran. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde13/1111/2015/en. Published March 11, 2015.
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Mutual Task Sharing on the Number of Needed Health Workers at the Iranian Health Posts; Does Task Sharing Increase Efficiency?
Background Nowadays task sharing is a way to optimize utilization of human resources for health. This study was designed to assess the effect of task sharing, mutually between midwives and Family Health Workforces (FHWs), on the number of needed staff across the Iranian Health Posts. Methods The workload and required number of midwives and FHWs in a Health Post were calculated and compared in two different scenarios of task division using a combined approach for estimating the number of required staff. In the first scenario, the midwives and FHWs provide their specialized services and in the second one, using mutual task sharing, a midwife provides all services traditionally delivered by FHWs and each FHW provides prenatal care in addition to the special tasks. Sensitivity analysis was performed to estimate the effects of different hypotheses. Results By applying mutual task sharing, the required number of staff for Health Posts was one midwife and two FHWs for a standard population of 12,500; one FHW less than that when no task sharing was applied. Sensitivity analysis illustrated that the number of needed staff is the same in both scenarios when different demographic, epidemiologic, cultural and organizational conditions were applied. Conclusion Task sharing can reduce the required number of health workers which increases efficiency and productivity at health facilities. However, apart from a need to consider quality, acceptability, and feasibility of care, increasing efficiency must be judged against the contextual circumstances.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2954_4da2e4eb73a4f67a13b9b28fc2ddc10d.pdf
2015-08-01
511
516
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.22
Workload Study
Human Resource for Health
Task Shifting
Task Sharing
Midwife
Health Post
Ali
Fakhri
fakhri-a@kaums.ac.ir
1
Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Aidin
Aryankhesal
a.aryankhesal@gmail.com
2
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
World Health Organization (WHO). The World health report 2000: health systems : improving performance. Geneva: WHO; 2000.
1
World Health Organization (WHO). The World Health Report 2006: Working together for health. Geneva: WHO; 2006.
2
Daviauda E, Chopra M. How much is not enough? Human resources requirements for primary health care: a case study from South Africa. Bull of the World Health Org 2008; 86: 46-51. doi: 10.2471/BLT.07.042283
3
Dreesch N, Dolea C, Dal Poz MR, Goubarev A, Adams O, Aregawi M, et al. An approach to estimating human resource requirements to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Health Policy Plan 2005; 20: 267-76. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czi036
4
World Health Organization (WHO). WHO recommendations; Optimizing health worker roles to improve access to key maternal and newborn health interventions through task shifting. Geneva: WHO; 2012.
5
World Health Organization (WHO). Task shifting to tackle health worker shortages. Geneva: WHO; 2007.
6
WHO/PEPFAR/UNAIDS. Task shifting : rational redistribution of tasks among health workforce teams : global recommendations and guidelines. Geneva: WHO; 2008.
7
Hagopian A, Micek MA, Vio F, Gimbel-Sherr K, Montoya P. What if we decided to take care of everyone who needed treatment? Workforce planning in Mozambique using simulation of demand for HIV/AIDS care. Hum Resour Health 2008; 6: 3.
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Jerome J, Ivers L. Community health workers in health systems strengthening: a qualitative evaluation from rural haiti. AIDS 2010; 24: S67-72. doi: 10.1097/01.aids.0000366084.75945.c9
9
The United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Creating an enabling environment for task shifting in HIV and AIDS services: recommendations based on two African country case studies. Washington DC: USAID; 2010.
10
Padmanathan P, Silva MJ. The acceptability and feasibility of task-sharing for mental healthcare in low and middle income countries: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med 2013; 97: 82-6. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.08.004
11
Janowitz B, Stanback J, Boyer B. Task sharing in family planning. Stud Fam Plann 2012; 43: 57-61. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2012.00302.x
12
Gessessew A, Barnabas GA, Prata N, Weidert K. Task shifting and sharing in Tigray, Ethiopia, to achieve comprehensive emergency obstetric care. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 113: 28-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.10.023
13
Jennings L, Yebadokpo AS, Affo J, Agbogbe M, Tankoano A. Task shifting in maternal and newborn care: a non-inferiority study examining delegation of antenatal counseling to lay nurse aides supported by job aids in Benin. Implement Sci 2011; 6: 2.
14
Buttorff C, Hock RS, Weiss HA, Naik S, Araya R, Kirkwood BR, et al. Economic evaluation of a task-shifting intervention for common mental disorders in India. Bull World Health Organ 2012; 90: 813–21. doi: 10.2471/BLT.12.104133
15
Babigumira JB, Castelnuovo B, Stergachis A, Kiragga A, Shaefer P, Lamorde M, et al. Cost Effectiveness of a Pharmacy-Only Refill Program in a Large Urban HIV/AIDS Clinic in Uganda. PLoS One 2011; 6: e18193. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018193
16
Sandall J, Homer C, Sadler E, Rudisill C, Bourgeault I, Bewley S, et al. Staffing in Maternity Units: Getting the right people in the right place at the right time. London: The King’s Fund; 2011.
17
Mavalankar D, Vora KS. The Changing Role of Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) in India: Implications for Maternal and Child Health (MCH). Ahmedabad: Indian Institute of Management; 2008.
18
Deputy Ministry for Education, Ministery of Health and Medical Education [homepage on the internet]. [cited 2014 Sep. 29]. Available from: http://mbs.behdasht.gov.ir/uploads/176_315_moshakhasat_KNbehdashtomomi.pdf
19
Bahadoran P, Alizadeh S, Valiani M. Exploring the Role of Midwives in Health Care System in Iran and the World. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research 2009;14: 117-22.
20
Fakhri A, Seyedin H, Daviaude E. A combined approach for estimating health staff requirements. Iran J Public Health 2014; 43: 107-15.
21
World Health Organization (WHO). Workload indicators of staffing need.User’s manual. Geneva: WHO; 2010.
22
Pileroodi S. District health network. 3rd edition. Tehran: Razavieh publication; 2006. [In persian]
23
Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME). General Regulations and Principles in the Structure of Development Programs of District Health Networks. Tehran: Network Development and Health Promotion Center of MoHME; 2007. [In persian]
24
Pileroodi S. Integrated services and a method for assessing human resource. 1st edition. Tehran: Aghigh publication; 1997. [In persian]
25
Penchansky R, Thomas JW. The concept of access: definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Med Care 1981; 19: 127-40. doi: 10.1097/00005650-198102000-00001
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Shipp PJ. Workload indicators of staffing need (WISN): A manual for implementation. Geneva: WHO; 1998.
27
Seran SB, Kromoredjo P, Kolehmainen-Aitken RL, Smith J, Darmawan J. Decentralised application of the WISN methodology in the Nusa Tenggara Timur Province. Indonesia: EPOS Health Management; 2009.
28
Fulton BD, Scheffler RM, Sparkes SP, Auh EY, Vujicic M, Soucat A. Health workforce skill mix and task shifting in low income countries: a review of recent evidence. Hum Resour Health 2011; 9: 1. doi: 10.1186/1478-4491-9-1
29
Ranson MK, Chopra M, Atkins S, Pozc MRD, Bennetta S. Priorities for research into human resources for health in low- and middle-income countries. Bull World Health Organ 2010; 88: 435-43.doi: 10.2471/BLT.09.066290
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Social Responsibility of the Hospitals in Isfahan City, Iran: Results from a Cross-Sectional Survey
Background Changes in modern societies develop the perception that the external environment is essential in organization’s practices, especially in the way they deal with aspects such as human rights, community needs, market demands and environmental interests. These issues are usually under the umbrella of the concept of social responsibility. Given the importance of this concept in the context of health care delivery, suggesting a new paradigm in hospital governance, the aim of this study was to measure the social responsibility in hospitals. Methods A cross-sectional survey was employed to collect data from a sample of 946 hospital staff of Isfahan city. Data was obtained by structured and valid self-administrated questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive and analytic statistics using SPSS. Results The mean score of hospitals’ social responsibility was 3.0 compared with the justified range from 1.0 to 5.0. Results showed that there was a significant relationship between social responsibility score and hospitals’ ownership (public or private). Also, there was no significant relationship between social responsibility and type of hospital specialty. Conclusion It is recommended that hospital managers develop and apply appropriate policies and strategies to improve their hospitals’ social responsibility level, especially through concentrating on their staff’s working environment.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2957_587d14b283b5989983d1e012a633a7f0.pdf
2015-08-01
517
522
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.29
Social Responsibility
Hospitals
Health
Manager
Mahmoud
Keyvanara
keyvanara@mng.mui.ac.ir
1
Social Determinants of Health Research Centre, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Haniye
Sajadi
hsajjadi@sina.tums.ac.ir
2
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Salehiamiri SR, Hajiyani E, Omidvar A, Omidiyani SH, Khalili M, Sasani H, et al. Organization's social responsibility. Tehran: Research Institute of Strategic Researches; 2008.
1
Dahlsrud A. How corporate social responsibility is defined: an analysis of 37 definitions. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 2008; 15: 1-13. doi: 10.1002/csr.132
2
Panwar R, Han X, Hansen E. A demographic examination of societal views regarding corporate social responsibility in the US forest products industry. Forest Policy and Economics 2010; 12: 121-8. doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2009.09.003
3
Chandrakala V. Measuring corporate social resposibility in Bengalure north district: A case study. International Journal of Entrepreneurship & Business Environment Perspectives 2014; 2: 710-4.
4
Evans R, Stoddart G. Producing health, consuming health care. Soc Sci Med 1990; 31: 1347-63. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(90)90074-3
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Donohoe M. Causes and health consequences of environmental degradation and social injustice. Soc Sci Med 2003; 56: 573-87. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00055-2
6
Abreu R, David F, Crowther D, Date S, Exports M. Corporate social responsibility is urgently needed in health care. Social Responsibility Journal 2005; 1: 225-40. doi: 10.1108/eb045813
7
Upshur RE, Moineddin R, Crighton E, Kiefer L, Mamdani M. Simplicity within complexity: Seasonality and predictability of hospital admissions in the province of Ontario 1988–2001, a population-based analysis. BMC Health Serv Res 2005; 5: 13.
8
Sadaghiyani E. Hospital organization and management. Tehran: Jahanrayane Publication; 1998.
9
Dooley K. Organizational Complexity, International Encyclopedia of Business and Management. London: Thompson Learning; 2002.
10
Brandão C, Rego G, Duarte I, Nunes R. Social responsibility: a new paradigm of hospital governance? Health Care Anal 2013; 21: 390-402. doi: 10.1007/s10728-012-0206-3
11
Acar W, Aupperle K, Lowy R. An empirical exploration of measures of social responsibility across the spectrum of organizational types. International Journal of Organizational Analysis 2001; 9: 26-57. doi: 10.1108/eb028927
12
Daza JR. A valuation model for corporate social responsibility. Social Responsibility Journal 2009; 5: 284-99. doi: 10.1108/17471110910977230
13
Quazi A, O'Brien D. An empirical test of a cross-national model of corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics 2000; 25: 33-51.
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McGuire J, Sundgren A, Schneeweis T. Corporate social responsibility and firm financial performance. Academy of Management Journal 1988; 31: 854-72. doi: 10.2307/256342
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De Hoogh AH, Den Hartog DN. Ethical and despotic leadership, relationships with leader's social responsibility, top management team effectiveness and subordinates' optimism: A multi-method study. Leadersh Q 2008; 19: 297-311. doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.002
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Maignan I. Consumers' perceptions of corporate social responsibilities: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Business Ethics 2001; 30: 57-72.
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Maignan I, Ferrell OC. Nature of corporate responsibilities: Perspectives from American, French, and German consumers. Journal of Business Research 2003; 56: 55-67. doi: 10.1016/s0148-2963(01)00222-3
18
Okada Y, Watanabe K. Social responsibility for the use of genes, genomes and biotechnology in biotechnology companies: A commentary from the bioethical viewpoint. J Commer Biotechnol 2008; 14: 149-67. doi: 10.1057/jcb.2008.2
19
Potluri R, Batima Y, Madiyar K. Corporate social responsibility: a study of Kazakhstan corporate sector. Social Responsibility Journal 2010; 6: 33-44. doi: 10.1108/17471111011024531
20
Ettenborough M, Shyne J. Corporate Social Responsibility, Public Policy And the Oil Industry in Angola. 2003 [cited 2015 January 12]. Available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPSD/ Resources/Angola/Angola_Petroleum_CSRsurvey.pdf
21
Khan M, Halabi A, Samy M. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting: a study of selected banking companies in Bangladesh. Social Responsibility Journal 2009; 5: 344-57. doi: 10.1108/17471110910977276
22
Ellis AD. The impact of corporate social responsibility on employee attitudes and behaviors [PhD’s thesis]. USA: Arizona State University; 2008.
23
Jatana R, Crowther D. Corporate Social Responsibility and the Empowerment of Women: An Indian Perspective. Social Responsibility Journal 2007; 3: 40-8. doi: 10.1108/17471110710840224
24
Kakabadse N, Rozuel C. Meaning of corporate social responsibility in a local French hospital: a case study. Society and Business Review 2006; 1: 77-96. doi: 10.1108/17465680610643364
25
Merali F. NHS managers’ commitment to a socially responsible role: the NHS managers' views of their core values and their public image. Social Responsibility Journal 2005; 1: 38-46. doi: 10.1108/17465680610643364
26
Griffiths J. Environmental sustainability in the national health service in England. Public Health 2006; 120: 609-12. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2006.04.005
27
Kreisberg J. Green Healthcare in America: Just What are We Doing? Explore (NY) 2007; 3: 521-3. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2007.07.008
28
Tudor TL, Bannister S, Butler S, White P, Jones K, Woolridge AC, et al. Can corporate social responsibility and environmental citizenship be employed in the effective management of waste?: Case studies from the National Health Service (NHS) in England and Wales Resources. Conservation and Recycling 2008; 52: 764-74.
29
Crane A, Matten D. Business ethics: A European perspective. Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalisation. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004.
30
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31
Bhuiyan A. O124 Community health providers and their social responsibility. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 107: S128-S. doi: 10.1016/s0020-7292(09)60496-3
32
Dincer C, Dincer B. Corporate Social Responsibility: Future Prospects in the Turkish Context. Social Responsibility Journal 2007; 3: 44. doi: 10.1108/17471110710835572
33
Merali F. Developing an explicit strategy towards social responsibility in the NHS. Journal of Health, Organization and Management 2006; 20: 309-24.
34
Rohini R, B. M. Social responsibility of hospitals: an Indian context. Social Responsibility Journal2010; 6: 268-85. doi: 10.1108/17471111011051766
35
Givel M. Motivation of chemical industry social responsibility through Responsible Care. Health Policy 2007; 81: 85-92. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2006.05.015
36
Post F. A response to “the social responsibility of corporate management: a classical critique”. American Journal of Business 2003; 18: 25-35. doi: 10.1108/19355181200300002
37
Málovics G, Csigéné NN, Kraus S. The role of corporate social responsibility in strong sustainability. J Socio Econ 2008; 37: 907-18. doi: 10.1016/j.socec.2006.12.061
38
Holmqvist M. Corporate social responsibility as corporate social control: The case of work-site health promotion. Scandinavian Journal of Management 2009; 25: 68-72. doi: 10.1016/j.scaman.2008.08.001
39
Mittelmark M. Promoting social responsibility for health: health impact assessment and healthy public policy at the community level. Health Promot Int 2001; 16: 269.
40
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
An Instrumental Variable Probit (IVP) Analysis on Depressed Mood in Korea: The Impact of Gender Differences and Other Socio-Economic Factors
Background Depression is a mental health state whose frequency has been increasing in modern societies. It imposes a great burden, because of the strong impact on people’s quality of life and happiness. Depression can be reliably diagnosed and treated in primary care: if more people could get effective treatments earlier, the costs related to depression would be reversed. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of socio-economic factors and gender on depressed mood, focusing on Korea. In fact, in spite of the great amount of empirical studies carried out for other countries, few epidemiological studies have examined the socio-economic determinants of depression in Korea and they were either limited to samples of employed women or did not control for individual health status. Moreover, as the likely data endogeneity (i.e. the possibility of correlation between the dependent variable and the error term as a result of autocorrelation or simultaneity, such as, in this case, the depressed mood due to health factors that, in turn might be caused by depression), might bias the results, the present study proposes an empirical approach, based on instrumental variables, to deal with this problem. Methods Data for the year 2008 from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were employed. About seven thousands of people (N= 6,751, of which 43% were males and 57% females), aged from 19 to 75 years old, were included in the sample considered in the analysis. In order to take into account the possible endogeneity of some explanatory variables, two Instrumental Variables Probit (IVP) regressions were estimated; the variables for which instrumental equations were estimated were related to the participation of women to the workforce and to good health, as reported by people in the sample. Explanatory variables were related to age, gender, family factors (such as the number of family members and marital status) and socio-economic factors (such as education, residence in metropolitan areas, and so on). As the results of the Wald test carried out after the estimations did not allow to reject the null hypothesis of endogeneity, a probit model was run too. Results Overall, women tend to develop depression more frequently than men. There is an inverse effect of education on depressed mood (probability of -24.6% to report a depressed mood due to high school education, as it emerges from the probit model marginal effects), while marital status and the number of family members may act as protective factors (probability to report a depressed mood of -1.0% for each family member). Depression is significantly associated with socio-economic conditions, such as work and income. Living in metropolitan areas is inversely correlated with depression (probability of -4.1% to report a depressed mood estimated through the probit model): this could be explained considering that, in rural areas, people rarely have immediate access to high-quality health services. Conclusion This study outlines the factors that are more likely to impact on depression, and applies an IVP model to take into account the potential endogeneity of some of the predictors of depressive mood, such as female participation to workforce and health status. A probit model has been estimated too. Depression is associated with a wide range of socioeconomic factors, although the strength and direction of the association can differ by gender. Prevention approaches to contrast depressive symptoms might take into consideration the evidence offered by the present study.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3011_247882b5339b26a1245029d1cc31b609.pdf
2015-08-01
523
530
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.82
Depression
Gender Differences
Instrumental Variables Probit (IVP)
Workforce Participation
Lara
Gitto
lara.gitto@unime.it
1
CEIS Sanità, Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, Roma, Italy
LEAD_AUTHOR
Yong-Hwan
Noh
yonghwan.noh@gmail.com
2
Department of Economics, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea
AUTHOR
Antonio
Andrés
antoniorodriguezandres70@gmail.com
3
Departamento de Administración de Empresas, Facultad de CC. Jurídicas y Económicas, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain
AUTHOR
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61
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Estimation of the Cardiovascular Risk Using World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) Risk Prediction Charts in a Rural Population of South India
Background World Health Organization/International Society of Hypertension (WHO/ISH) charts have been employed to predict the risk of cardiovascular outcome in heterogeneous settings. The aim of this research is to assess the prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) risk factors and to estimate the cardiovascular risk among adults aged >40 years, utilizing the risk charts alone, and by the addition of other parameters. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in two of the villages availing health services of a medical college. Overall 570 subjects completed the assessment. The desired information was obtained using a pretested questionnaire and participants were also subjected to anthropometric measurements and laboratory investigations. The WHO/ISH risk prediction charts for the South-East Asian region was used to assess the cardiovascular risk among the study participants. Results The study covered 570 adults aged above 40 years. The mean age of the subjects was 54.2 (±11.1) years and 53.3% subjects were women. Seventeen percent of the participants had moderate to high risk for the occurrence of cardiovascular events by using WHO/ISH risk prediction charts. In addition, CVD risk factors like smoking, alcohol, low High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were found in 32%, 53%, 56.3%, and 61.5% study participants, respectively. Conclusion Categorizing people as low (<10%)/moderate (10%-20%)/high (>20%) risk is one of the crucial steps to mitigate the magnitude of cardiovascular fatal/non-fatal outcome. This cross-sectional study indicates that there is a high burden of CVD risk in the rural Pondicherry as assessed by WHO/ISH risk prediction charts. Use of WHO/ISH charts is easy and inexpensive screening tool in predicting the cardiovascular event.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3016_c2d52ade85d502d985b7947f3e369450.pdf
2015-08-01
531
536
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.88
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
Hypertension
Smoking, Non-Communicable Disease (NCD)
South India
Arun
Ghorpade
drarunghorpade@gmail.com
1
Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College and Hospital, Pondicherry, India
AUTHOR
Saurabh
Shrivastava
drshrishri2008@gmail.com
2
Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Kancheepuram, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sitanshu
Kar
drsskar@gmail.com
3
Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
AUTHOR
Sonali
Sarkar
sonalisarkar@hotmail.com
4
Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
AUTHOR
Sumanth
Majgi
sumanthm@gmail.com
5
Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, India
AUTHOR
Gautam
Roy
docgroy@gmail.com
6
Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Pondicherry, India
AUTHOR
Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2006; 367: 1747-57. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68770-9
1
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2
Mathers CD, Boerma T, Ma Fat D. Global and regional causes of death. Br Med Bull 2009; 92: 7-32. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldp028
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World Health Organization (WHO). Prevention of cardiovascular disease: Guidelines for assessment and management of cardiovascular risk. Geneva: WHO; 2007.
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45
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Application of Systems Thinking in Health: Opportunities for Translating Theory into Practice; Comment on “Constraints to Applying Systems Thinking Concepts in Health Systems: A Regional Perspective from Surveying Stakeholders in Eastern Mediterranean Countries”
Systems thinking is not a new concept to health system strengthening; however, one question remains unanswered: How policy-makers, system designers and consultants with a system thinking philosophy should act (have acted) as potential change agents in actually gaining opportunities to introduce systems thinking? Development of Comprehensive Multi-Year Plans (cMYPs) for Immunization System is one such opportunity because almost all Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) develop and implement cMYPs every five years. Without building upon examples and showing practical application, the discussions and deliberations on systems thinking may fade away with passage of time. There are opportunities that exist around us in our existing health systems that we can benefit from starting with an incremental approach and generating evidence for longer lasting system-wide changes.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2996_1b3db6ba99d55d08f7a191d03287b521.pdf
2015-08-01
537
539
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.69
Systems Thinking
Comprehensive Multi-Year Plans (cMYPs)
Health System
Low- and MiddleIncome Countries (LMICs
Immunization
Asmat
Malik
asmat.malik@uqconnect.edu.au
1
Integrated Health Services, Islamabad, Pakistan
LEAD_AUTHOR
El-Jardali F, Adam T, Ataya N, Jamal D, Jaafar M. Constraints to applying systems thinking concepts in health systems: A regional perspective from surveying stakeholders in Eastern Mediterranean countries. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 3: 399-407. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.124
1
Savigny DD, Adam T. Systems thinking for health systems strengthening. Geneva: Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, World Health Organization; 2009.
2
Peters D. The application of systems thinking in health: why use systems thinking? Health Res Policy Syst 2014; 12: 51. doi: 10.1186/1478-4505-12-51
3
Adam T. Advancing the application of systems thinking in health. Health Res Policy Syst 2014; 12: 50. doi: 10.1186/1478-4505-12-50
4
Payne S. Critical systems thinking: a challenge or dilemma in its practice? Systems Practice 1992; 5: 237-49. doi: 10.1007/BF01059842
5
Zafar S, Shaikh BT. 'Only systems thinking can improve family planning program in Pakistan': A descriptive qualitative study. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 3: 393-8. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.119
6
Best A, Clark P, Leischow S, Trochim W. Greater than the sum: systems thinking in tobacco control. Tobacco control monograph no. 18. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute; 2007.
7
Grindle MS, Thomas JW. Setting Agendas: Circumstancs, Process, and Reform. Public Choices and Policy Change: The Political Economy of Reform in Developing Countries. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 1991. p. 70-94.
8
Gilson L, Mills A. Health sector reforms in sub-Saharan Africa: lessons of the last 10 years. Health Policy 1995; 32: 215-43. Doi: 10.1016/0168-8510(95)00737-D
9
Mwabu G. Health care reform in Kenya: a review of the process. Health Policy 1995; 32: 245-55. doi: 10.1016/0168-8510(95)00738-E
10
Dalil S, Newbrander W, Loevinsohn B, Naeem AJ, Griffin J, Salama P, et al. Aid effectiveness in rebuilding the Afghan health system: A reflection. Glob Public Health 2014; 9: S124-36. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2014.918162
11
World Health Organization (WHO). Everybody business: strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes: WHO’s framework for action. Geneva: WHO; 2007.
12
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Reflecting on Backward Design for Knowledge Translation; Comment on “A Call for a Backward Design to Knowledge Translation”
In a recent Editorial for this journal, El-Jardali and Fadlallah proposed a new framework for Knowledge Translation (KT) in healthcare. Many such frameworks already exist; thus, new entrants to the field must be scrutinized in regard to their unique contributions to advancing understanding and practice. The El-Jardali and Fadlallah framework focuses on policy-level discussions, a relatively under-studied issue to date. Their framework usefully incorporates both priority setting questions at the front-end (which KT efforts get undertaken and which do not) as well as evaluation questions at the back-end (how do we show that more evidence-informed decisions are actually better ones?). Their framework also emphasizes capacity building among both decision-makers and researchers. This is an area worthy of additional attention, particularly because it is likely to be far more challenging than El-Jardali and Fadlallah allow.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3020_307f606b4bbe1965c9f55b7c8156079f.pdf
2015-08-01
541
543
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.92
Knowledge Translation (KT)
Priority Setting
Evaluation
Capacity Building
Neale
Smith
neale.smith@ubc.ca
1
Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
Evelyn
Cornelissen
evelyn.cornelissen@ubc.ca
2
Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
AUTHOR
Craig
Mitton
craig.mitton@ubc.ca
3
Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
AUTHOR
El-Jardali F, Fadlallah R. A call for a backward design to knowledge translation. Int J Health Policy Manag 2015; 4: 1–5. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2015.10
1
Ward V, House A, Hamer S. Developing a framework for transferring knowledge into action: a thematic analysis of the literature. J Health Serv Res Policy 2009; 14: 156-64. doi: 10.1258/jhsrp.2009.008120
2
Lomas J, Brown AD. Research and advice giving: a functional view of evidence-informed policy advice in a Canadian Ministry of Health. Milbank Q 2009; 87: 903-36.
3
Ellen ME, Leon G, Bouchard G, Lavis JN, Ouimet M, Grimshaw JM. What supports do health system organizations have in place to facilitate evidence-informed decision-making? A qualitative study. Implement Sci 2013; 8: 84. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-8-84
4
Gauvin FP. Understanding policy developments and choices through the ‘3-I’ framework: interests, ideas and institutions. Montreal QB: National Collaborating Centre for Healthy Public Policy; 2014. Available from: http://www.ncchpp.ca/docs/2014_ProcPP_3iFramework_EN.pdf
5
Nilsen P, Stahl C, Roback K, Cairney P. Never the twain shall meet? – a comparison of implementation science and policy implementation research. Implement Sci 2013; 8: 63. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-8-63
6
Deverka PA, Lavallee DC, Desai PJ, Esmail LC, Ramsey SD, Veenstra DL, et al. Stakeholder participation in comparative effectiveness research: defining a framework for effective engagement. J Comp Effective Res 2012;1: 181-94. doi: 10.2217/cer.12.7
7
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). Guide to Knowledge Translation Planning at CIHR: Integrated and End-of-Grant Approaches [internet]. Available from: http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/45321.html
8
Oliver K, Lorenc T, Innvaer S. New directions in evidence-based policy research: a critical analysis of the literature. Health Res Policy Syst 2014; 12: 34. doi: 10.1186/1478-4505-12-34
9
Denis J, Lomas J, Stipich N. Creating receptor capacity for research in the health system: the Executive Training for Research Application (EXTRA) program in Canada. J Health Serv Res Policy 2008; 13: 1-7.
10
Scott C, Seidel J, Bowen S, Gall N. Integrated health systems and integrated knowledge: creating space for putting knowledge into action. Healthc Q 2009; 13: 30-6.
11
Bowen S, Zwi AB. Pathways to ‘evidence-informed’ policy and practice: a framework for action. PLoS Med 2005; 2: 7. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020166
12
Cornelissen E, Mitton C, Davidson A, Reid RC, Hole R, Visockas AM, et al. Changing priority setting practice: The role of implementation in practice change. Health Policy 2014; 117: 266-74.
13
Cooke J. A framework to evaluate research capacity building in health care. BMC Fam Pract 2005; 6: 44. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-6-44
14
Lipsky M. Street-level Bureaucracy. New York: Russell Sage; 1980.
15
Cornelissen E, Mitton C, Davidson A, Reid RC, Hole R, Visockas AM, Smith N. Determining and broadening the definition of impact from implementing a rational priority setting approach in a healthcare organization. Soc Sci Med 2014; 114: 1-9.
16
Mitton C, Bate A. Où sont les chercheurs? Speaking at cross-purposes or across boundaries? Healthc Policy 2007;3: 32-7.
17
Cornelissen E, Mitton C, Sheps S. Knowledge translation in the discourse of professional practice. Int J Evid Based Healthc 2011; 9: 184-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-1609.2011.00215.x
18
Contandriopoulos D, Lemire M, Denis JL, Tremblay E. Knowledge exchange processes in organizations and policy arenas: a narrative systematic review of the literature. Milbank Q 2010; 88: 444-83.
19
Murphy K, Fafard P. Knowledge translation and social epistemology: taking power, politics and values seriously. In: Ocampo P, Dunn JR, editors. Rethinking Social Epistemology: Towards a Science of Change. Springer Science and Business Media BV; 2012. p. 267-83. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-2138-8_13
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Backwards Design or looking Sideways? Knowledge Translation in the Real World; Comment on “A Call for a Backward Design to Knowledge Translation”
El-Jardali and Fadllallah provide an excellent summary of the many dimensions of knowledge use, and the breath of issues and activities that must be considered if knowledge is to be put into practice. However, reliance on a continuum (rather than a cyclical, multidirectional, systems) model creates a number of limitations, particularly when promoting evidence-informed action in the areas of health policy and management, where diverse forms of knowledge must be synthesized and decisions made in a rapidly evolving context. We propose a paradigm shift - from viewing Knowledge Translation (KT) as a linear ‘knowledge transfer’ activity, to a commitment to full stakeholder engagement in knowledge production, dissemination and implementation
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3000_701ed5eaae52635580df12db65ad51ef.pdf
2015-08-01
545
547
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.71
Knowledge Translation (KT)
Engaged Scholarship
Evidence Use
Sarah
Bowen
sarahbowen.parada@gmail.com
1
School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ian
Graham
igraham@ohri.ca
2
School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
AUTHOR
Davies H, Nutley S, Walter I. Why ‘knowledge transfer’ is misconceived for applied social research. J Health Serv Res Policy 2008; 13: 188-90.
1
Walshe K, Rundall TG. Evidence-based management: from theory to practice in health care. Milbank Q 2001; 79: 429-57.
2
El-Jardali F, Fadlallah R. A call for a backward design to knowledge translation. Int J Health Policy Manag 2015; 4(1): 1–5. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2015.10
3
Best A, Terpstra JL, Moor G, Riley B, Norman CD, Glasgow RE. Building knowledge integration systems for evidence-informed decisions. J Health Organ Manag 2009; 23: 627-41.
4
Ward V, House A, Hamer S. Developing a framework for transferring knowledge into action: a thematic analysis of the literature. J Health Serv Res Policy 2009; 14: 156-64. doi: 10.1258/jhsrp.2009.008120
5
Bowen S, Graham I. From knowledge translation to ‘engaged scholarship’: Promoting research relevance and utilization. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2013; 94: S3-8. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.04.037
6
Greenhalgh T, Wieringa S. Is it time to drop the ‘knowledge translation’ metaphor? A critical literature review. J R Soc Med 2011; 104: 501-9. doi: 10.1258/jrsm.2011.110285
7
Baker GR, Ginsburg L, Langley A. An organizational science perspective on information, knowledge, evidence, and organizational decision-making. In: Lemieux-Charles L, Champagne F, editors. Using knowledge and evidence in health care. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 2004. p. 86-114.
8
Bowen S, Graham I. Integrated knowledge translation. In: Straus S, Tetroe J, Graham ID, editors. Knowledge translation in health care: Moving from evidence to practice. 2nd ed. London: BMJ Books; 2013. p.14-23.
9
Graham ID, Logan J, Harrison MB, Straus SE, Tetroe J, Caswell W, et al. Lost in knowledge translation: time for a map? J Contin Educ Health Prof 2006; 26: 13-24. doi: 10.1002/chp.47
10
Snowden DJ, Boon ME. A Leader’s Framework for Decision Making. Harvard Business Review” (Harvard Business Publishing); Nov 2007. Available from: http://hbr.org/2007/11/a-leaders-framework-for-decision-making/ar/1
11
Bowen S. A Guide to Evaluation in Health Research. Canadian Institutes of Health Research, KT Learning Module; 2012. Available from: http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/documents/
12
Van de Ven AH, Johnson P. Knowledge for theory and practice. Academy of Management Review 2006; 318: 2-21. doi: 10.5465/AMR.2006.22527385
13
Horowitz CR, Robinson M, Seifer S. Community-based participatory research from the margin to the mainstream. Are researchers prepared? Circulation 2009; 119: 2633-42. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.729863
14
Cottrell E, Whitlock E, Kato E, Uhl S, Belinson S, Chang C, et al. Defining the Benefits of Stakeholder Engagement in Systematic Reviews. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2014. Report No.: 14-EHC006-EF AHRQ Methods for Effective Health Care. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK196180/
15
Domecq JP, Prutsky G, Elraiyah T, Wang Z, Nabhan M, Shippee N, et al. Patient engagement in research: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res 2014; 14: 89. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-14-89
16
Morgan-Trimmer S. Policy is political; our ideas about knowledge translation must be too. J Epidemiol Community Health 2014; 68: 1010-1. doi: 10.1136/jech-2014-203820
17
Arndt M, Bigelow B. Evidence-based management in health care organizations: A cautionary note. Health Care Management Review 2009; 34: 206-13. doi: 10.1097/HMR.0b013e3181a94288
18
Behague D, Tawiah C, Rosato M, Some T, Morrison J. Evidence-based policy making: The implications of globally-applicable research for context-specific problem solving in developing countries. Soc Sci Med 2009; 69: 1539-46. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.006
19
Montini T, Graham ID. “Entrenched practices and other biases”: unpacking the historical, economic, professional, and social resistance to de-implementation. Implement Sci 2015; 10: 24. doi: 10.1186/s13012-015-0211-7
20
Bowen S, Erickson T, Martens P. The Need to Know Team. More than “using research”: the real challenges in promoting evidence-informed decision-making. Healthcare Policy 2009; 4: 87-102.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Healthcare Reimbursement and Quality Improvement: Integration Using the Electronic Medical Record; Comment on “Fee-for-service Payment - an Evil Practice That Must Be Stamped Out?”
Reimbursement for healthcare has utilized a variety of payment mechanisms with varying degrees of effectiveness. Whether these mechanisms are used singly or in combination, it is imperative that the resulting systems remunerate on the basis of the quantity, complexity, and quality of care provided. Expanding the role of the electronic medical record (EMR) to monitor provider practice, patient responsiveness, and functioning of the healthcare organization has the potential to not only enhance the accuracy and efficiency of reimbursement mechanisms but also to improve the quality of medical care.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3021_9e38f8a5487cf5cec527cdb6bb4ea605.pdf
2015-08-01
549
551
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.93
Healthcare, Fee-for-service (FFS)
Pay-for-performance (P4P)
Quality Improvement
DiagnosisRelated Groups (DRGs)
Capitation
Electronic Medical Record (EMR)
Health Information Technology (HIT)
John
Britton
johnrbritton@comcast.net
1
Colorado Permanente Medical Group, Denver, CO, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Flodgren G, Eccles MP, Shepperd S, Scott A, Parmelli E, Beyer FR. An overview of reviews evaluating the effectiveness of financial incentives in changing healthcare professional behaviors and patient outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;7:CD009255. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009255
1
Ikegami N. Fee-for-service payment-an evil practice that must be stamped out? Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4:57-9. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.26
2
Ben-Assuli O. Electronic health records, adoption, quality of care, legal and privacy issues and their implementation in emergency departments. Health Policy. 2015;119:287-297.
3
Clynch N, Kellett J. Medical documentation: Part of the solution, or part of the problem? A narrative review of the literature on the time spent on and value of medical documentation. Int J Med Informatics. 2015;84:221-228.
4
Van Doornik W. Meaningful use of patient-generated data in EHRs. Journal of AHIMA. 2013;84:30-35.
5
Koppel R, Lehmann CU. Implications of an emerging HER monoculture for hospitals and healthcare systems. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2014;22:465-471. doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2014-003023
6
Moja L, Kwag KH, Lytras T, Bertizzolo L, Brandt L, Pecoraro V, et al. Effectiveness of computerized decision support systems linked to electronic health records: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:e12-22.
7
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Lessons and Leadership in Health; Comment on “Improving the World’s Health through the Post-2015 Development Agenda: Perspectives from Rwanda”
This paper comments on the principles that informed Rwanda’s successful efforts to adapt its health system to population needs, and more specifically to reduce health inequities. The point is made that these may be universally applicable for countries as they deal with the challenges of post-2015 health agenda.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3035_e44f79d476774c4a05dc4cbf0b2106dd.pdf
2015-08-01
553
555
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.107
Principles for Health Development
Rwanda
Health Inequities
George
Alleyne
alleyned@paho.org
1
Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Tavares AI. Substitutes or complements? Diagnosis and treatment with non-conventional and conventional medicine. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(4):235–242. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.45
1
Gale N. The sociology of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine. Sociol Compass. 2014;8(6):805-822. doi:10.1111/soc4.12182
2
Siahpush M. A critical review of the sociology of alternative medicine: research on users, practitioners and the orthodoxy. Health (London). 2000;4:159-178. doi:10.1177/136345930000400201
3
Taylor S. Gendering in the Holistic milieu: a critical realist analysis of homeopathic work gender. Work & Organization 2010;17(4):454-474.
4
Lave J, Wenger E. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1991.
5
Tognetti Bordogna M. Non conventional medicine (NCM): Italy’s health systems and the new health paradigms. Sociologie Romanesca 2013;XI(3):56-67.
6
Tognetti Bordogna M.Regional health systems and non-conventional medicine: the situation in Italy. EPMA J. 2011;2(4):411-423. doi:10.1007/s13167-011-0098-6
7
Tognetti Bordogna M. Les modèles de welfare sanitaires et les médicines non conventionnelles. Revue Sociologie Santè 2010;32:263-292.
8
Roberti di Sarsina P, Tognetti Bordogna M.The need for higher education in the sociology of traditional and non conventional medicine in Italy: towards a person-centred medicine. EPMA J. 2011;2(4):357-363. doi:10.1007/s13167-011-0102-1
9
Tognetti Bordogna M, Gentiluomo A, Roberti di Sarsina P. Post-graduate education in traditional and non conventional medicines: Italy poised between national guidelines and regional variants. Altern Integr Med. 2013;2(8). doi:10.4172/2327-5162.1000143
10
Tognetti Bordogna M, Gentiluomo A, Roberti di Sarsina P.Education in Traditional and Non Conventional Medicine: A Growing Trendin Italian School of Medicine. Altern Integr Med. 2013;2:7.
11
Roberti di Sarsina P, Tognetti Bordogna M, Gensini GF. A collaborative post-graduate educational project: the master course in “health systems, traditional and unconventional medicine”. Eur J Integr Med. 2012;4 Supplement 1:87. doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2012.07.676
12
Coulter ID, Willis EM. The rise of complementary and alternative medicine: a sociological perspective. Med J Aust. 2004;180(11):587-589.
13
Lewith GT, Bensoussan A. Complementary and alternative medicine-with a difference. Med J Aust. 2004;180:585-586.
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Quaternary Prevention and the Challenges to Develop a Good Practice; Comment on “Quaternary Prevention, an Answer of Family Doctors to Overmedicalization”
The article analyzes literature problems using as a parameter the quaternary prevention concept, introducing guidelines to have good shared decisions that avoid overdiagnosis and overtreatment and improve the quality of life. The author proposes a four-step approach: reliable evidence, awareness about populations profile, independent research analysis, and an understandable format by ordinary people.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3024_84bad51206047d5cabf4553bd2197cc3.pdf
2015-08-01
557
558
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.98
Quaternary Prevention
Literature Problems
Practice
Hamilton
Wagner
hamilton.wagner@me.com
1
Curitiba Health System Physician, Curitiba, Brazil
LEAD_AUTHOR
Jamoulle M. Quaternary prevention, an answer of family doctors to overmedicalization. Int J Health Policy Manag 2015;4:61-4. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.24
1
Jamoulle M. Information et informatisation en medecine generale. Torisieme rounees de reflexion sur l’informatique. Presses Universitaires de Namur; 1986.
2
Sackett DL, Richardson SR, Rosenberg W, et al. Evidence-Based Medicine: How to Practise and Teach EBM. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1997.
3
Gøtzche PC. Deadly medicines and organized crime, how does big pharma has corrupted health care. London: Radcliff; 2013.
4
St-Onge JC. Tous fous? Québec: Écosocieté; 2013.
5
Every-Palmer S, Howick J. How evidence-based medicine is failing due to biased trial and selective pubication. J Eval Clin Pract. 2014;20(6):908-914. doi:10.1111/jep.12147
6
Greenhalgh T, Howick J, Maskrey N. Evidence based medicine: a movement in crisis? BMJ 2014;348:g3725. doi:10.1136/bmj.g3725
7
Ioannidis JPA. Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Med. 2005;2:e124. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124
8
Senn S. Three things that every medical writer should know about statistics. The Write Stuff 2009;18(3):159-162.
9
AKST J. Dealing with irreproducibility. The Scientist. April 8, 2014. http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/39654/title/Dealing-with-Irreproducibility/
10
Gérvas J, Fernández MP. Sano y Salvo y libre de intervenciones médicas innecessarias. Barcelona: Los Libros del Lince; 2013.
11
Brouwers MC, Kho ME, Browman GP, et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. CMAJ 2010;182:E839-842. doi:10.1503/cmaj.090449
12
Atkins D, Eccles M, Flottorp S, et al. Systems for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations I: critical appraisal of existing approaches The GRADE Working Group. BMC Health Serv Res. 2004;4:38. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-4-38
13
Christie-Seely J, Ford J, Warner M. The healthy family. In: Chistie-Seely J, ed. Working with the family in primary care. Westport: Praeger; 1984.
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Difficult Choice of “Not Doing”; Comment on “Quaternary Prevention, an Answer of Family Doctors to Overmedicalization”
The article of Marc Jamoulle shows the importance of the contribution of general practitioners (GPs) in improving the quality and the efficiency of the health systems. Starting from the concept of quaternary prevention for reducing excessive costs in the preventive procedures, he suggests a change of paradigm in every daily activity of the GP in order to have a stronger ethical approach to the patient. This means spending more time in the consultation in order to better understand her/his real needs and share a common decision for minimizing the costs and solving the patient’s problems in agreement with her/his believes and values.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3036_0c127d1b803b394044f849b36439fd76.pdf
2015-08-01
559
560
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.108
Quaternary Preventions
Overmedicalization
Consultation
Giorgio
Visentin
visentin@tin.it
1
Centro Studi E Ricerche Medicina Generale, Dueville, Italy
LEAD_AUTHOR
Jamoulle M. Quaternary prevention, an answer of family doctors to overmedicalization. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(2):61-64. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.24
1
Chinitz DP, Rodwin VG. On Health Policy and Management (HPAM): mind the theory-policy-practice gap. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014;3(7):361-363. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2014.122
2
Freeman GK, Horder JP, Howie JG, et al. Evolving general practice consultation in Britain: issues of length and context. BMJ. 2002;324(7342):880-802.
3
Siegel JE. Recommendations for reporting cost-effectiveness Analyses. JAMA. 1996;276 (16):1339-1341.
4
Ballini L. L’iniziativa Choosing Wisely® rilancia la scelta ragionata di medici e pazienti. Politiche Sanitarie. 2012;3(4):253-256.
5
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Care and Do Not Harm: Possible Misunderstandings With Quaternary Prevention (P4); Comment on “Quaternary Prevention, an Answer of Family Doctors to Over Medicalization”
The discussion between general practitioners (GPs) and healthcare delivery organizations necessitates a common language. The presentation of the 4 types of GP’s activities, opens dialogue but can lead to possible misunderstandings between the micro- and macro-level of the healthcare system. This commentary takes 4 examples: costs reduction by P4, priority of beneficence or nonmaleficence, role of evidence-based medicine (EBM) and use of a constructivist model.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3025_954fe67b43171e536d2e335096598407.pdf
2015-08-01
561
563
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.99
Family Medicine
Specific Training
Medical Ethics
Evidence-Based Practice
Medicalization
Daniel
Widmer
widmermed@gmail.com
1
Institut Universitaire de Médecine de Famille, Policlinique Médicale Universitaire, Lausanne, Switzerland
LEAD_AUTHOR
Jamoulle M. Quaternary prevention, an answer of family doctors to overmedicalization. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(2):61-64. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.24
1
Balint M. The Doctor, his Patient and the Illness. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2000.
2
Schön DA. The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. New York: Basic Books; 1983:374.
3
Lemon T, Smith R. Consultation content not consultation length improves patient satisfaction. J Family Med Prim Care. 2014;3(4):334. doi:10.4103/2249-4863.148102
4
Balint E, Norell JS. Six Minutes for the Patient; Interactions in General Practice Consultation. London: Tavistock Publications; 1973:182.
5
Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1994:546.
6
Hippocrates. Ancient Medicine. Airs, Waters, Places. Epidemics 1 and 3. The Oath. Precepts. Nutriment. Jones WHS, Withington ET, trans. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1923.
7
Hippocrates. Heracleitus On The Universe. Jones WHS, tran. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1923.
8
Gillon R. Philosophical Medical Ethics. Chichester: Wiley; 1986:189.
9
Pellegrino ED. The Virtues in Medical Practice. New York: Oxford University Press; 1993:205.
10
Gadamer HG. The Enigma of Health: The Art of Healing in a Scientific Age. Stanford: Stanford University Press; 1996:180.
11
Steel N. Thresholds for taking antihypertensive drugs in different professional and lay groups: questionnaire survey. BMJ. 2000;320(7247):1446-1447. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7247.1446
12
Sackett DL, Richardson WS, Rosenberg W, Haynes RB. Evidence-Based Medicine. New York: Churchikk Livingstone; 1997.
13
Thomas P. General medical practitioners need to be aware of the theories on which our work depend. Ann Fam Med. 2006;4(5):450-454.
14
Launer J. Narrative-Based Primary Care: A Practical Guide. Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Radcliffe Medical Press; 2002.
15
May C, Montori VM, Mair FS. We need minimally disruptive medicine. BMJ. 2009;339:b2803. doi:10.1136/bmj.b2803
16
De Maeseneer J, van Weel C, Egilman D, Demarzo M, Sewankambo N. Tackling NCDs: a different approach is needed – Authors’ reply. Lancet 2012;379(9829):1873-1874. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60802-2
17
Starfield B, Hyde J, Gervas J, Heath I. The concept of prevention: a good idea gone astray? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62(7):580-583. doi:10.1136/jech.2007.071027
18
Harrison MJ, Dusheiko M, Sutton M, Gravelle H, Doran T, Roland M. Effect of a national primary care pay for performance scheme on emergency hospital admissions for ambulatory care sensitive conditions: controlled longitudinal study. BMJ. 2014;349:g6423. doi:10.1136/bmj.g6423
19
Wertz FJ. Five Ways of doing Qualitative Analysis: Phenomenological Psychology, Grounded Theory, Discourse Analysis, Narrative Research, and Intuitive Inquiry. New York: Guilford Press; 2011.
20
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Including Both Costs and Effects – The Challenge of Using Cost-Effectiveness Data in National-Level Policy-Making: A Response to Recent Commentaries
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3051_e1b74e586816595e00ccdd5b3579850a.pdf
2015-08-01
565
566
10.15171/ijhpm.2015.123
Health Policy
Cost-Effectiveness
Decision-Making
Nathalie
Eckard
nathalie.eckard@liu.se
1
Division of Health Care Analysis, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
LEAD_AUTHOR
Magnus
Janzon
magnus.janzon@liu.se
2
Department of Cardiology and Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
AUTHOR
Lars-Åke
Levin
lars-ake.levin@liu.se
3
Division of Health Care Analysis, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
AUTHOR
Health and Medical Service Act, SFS 1982:763 (1982).
1
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2
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3
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4
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5
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6
Ernoft S. The Use of Health Economic Evaluations in Pharmaceutical Priority Setting. The Case of Sweden [dissertation]. Lund: Lund Business Press, Lund Institute of Economic Research, Lund University; 2010
7
Youngkong S. Incorporating cost-effectiveness data in a fair process for priority setting efforts. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(7):483-485. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.81
8