ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Rise of Post-truth Populism in Pluralist Liberal Democracies: Challenges for Health Policy
Recent years have witnessed the rise of populism and populist leaders, movements and policies in many pluralist liberal democracies, with Brexit and the election of Trump the two most recent high profile examples of this backlash against established political elites and the institutions that support them. This new populism is underpinned by a post-truth politics which is using social media as a mouthpiece for ‘fake news’ and ‘alternative facts’ with the intention of inciting fear and hatred of ‘the other’ and thereby helping to justify discriminatory health policies for marginalised groups. In this article, we explore what is meant by populism and highlight some of the challenges for health and health policy posed by the new wave of post-truth populism.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3322_9556d2274e374a40b3d8128741b20db3.pdf
2017-05-01
249
251
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.19
Populism
Liberal Democracy
Post-Truth Politics
Health Policy
Ewen
Speed
esspeed@essex.ac.uk
1
School of Health and Human Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
AUTHOR
Russell
Mannion
r.mannion@bham.ac.uk
2
Health Services Management Center, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Inglehart R, Norris P. Trump, Brexit, and the rise of Populism: Economic have-nots and cultural backlash. Harvard University, HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP16-026; 2016.
1
Speed E. A note on the utility of austerity. Crit Public Health. 2016;26:1-3. doi:10.1080/09581596.2015.1109063
2
Standing G. A Precariat Charter: From Denizens to Citizens. London: Bloomsbury Academic; 2014.
3
Laclau E. On Populist Reason. London: Verso; 2005.
4
Weyland K. Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin American Politics. Comp Polit. 2001;34:1-22. doi:10.2307/422412
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Albertazzi D, McDonnell D. Twenty-First Century Populism. London: Palgrave Macmillan; 2008.
6
Mudde C. The populist radical right: a pathological normalcy. West Eur Polit. 2010;33:1167-1186. doi:10.1080/01402382.2010.508901
7
McKee M, Galsworthy MJ. Brexit: a confused concept that threatens public health. J Public Health. 2016;38:3-5. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdv205
8
Lunt N, Mannion R. Patient mobility in the global marketplace: a multidisciplinary perspective. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014;2:155-157. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2014.47
9
Murray M. Intimate choices, public threats – reproductive and LGBTQ rights under a Trump administration. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:301-303. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1615718
10
Lunt N, Mannion R, Exworthy M. A framework for exploring the policy implications of UK medical tourism and international patient flows. Soc Policy Adm. 2012;47:1-25. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2011.00833.x
11
Wise J. Charging overseas patients upfront could cause “chaos,” BMA warns. BMJ. 2017;356:j655. doi:10.1136/bmj.j655
12
Exworthy M, Mannion R, Powell M. Dismantling the NHS? Evaluating the Impact of Health Reforms. University of Bristol: Policy Press; 2016.
13
Baudrillard J. Simulacra and Simulation. Michigan: University of Michigan Press; 1981.
14
Mannion R, Small N. Postmodern health economics. Health Care Analysis. 1999;7:255-272. doi:10.1023/A:1009400926449
15
Deacon M. Michael Gove’s guide to Britain’s greatest enemy…the experts. The Telegraph. June 10, 2016. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/10/michael-goves-guide-to-britains-greatest-enemy-the-experts/. Accessed February 2, 2017.
16
Noveck B. Smart Citizens, Smarter State: The Technologies of Expertise and the Future of Governing. Boston: Harvard University Press; 2015.
17
Noveck B, Enough of experts: data, democracy and the future of expertis. London, UK: Annual Sage Publishing Lecture, Academy of Social Sciences; 2016. https://www.acss.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Professional-Briefing-10-CfSS-Annual-Lecture-2016-FINAL.pdf. Accessed February 2, 2017.
18
Demil B, Lecocq X. Neither Market nor Hierarchy nor Network: The Emergence of Bazaar Governance. Organ Stud. 2006;27:1447-1466. doi:10.1177/0170840606067250
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Cost Analysis of the Jan Aushadhi Scheme in India
Medicines constitute a substantial proportion of out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses in Indian households. In order to address this issue, the Government of India launched the Jan Aushadhi (Medicine for the Masses) Scheme (JAS) to provide cheap generic medicines to the patients (http://janaushadhi.gov.in/about_jan_aushadhi.html). These medicines are provided through the Jan Aushadhi stores established across the country. The objective of this study was to do a quick assessment for policy-makers regarding the objective of the JAS. Implications on cost savings for patients and policy implications of the scheme were analyzed. Secondary data sources were used to obtain prices of medicines under the JAS and prices of branded medicines of the same formulations. A cost analysis design was used. There are substantial differences between the JAS price and the cheapest branded medicine available in the market. However, not all JAS prices are lower than branded medicines. For example, the cheapest branded cefuroxime axetil (500 mg) (antibiotic) in the market is almost three times cheaper than its JAS price. Hence, there are cheaper brands available for some commonly prescribed medicines. From the policy perspective, it raises serious questions regarding the pricing of medicines in the JAS and its overarching goal. Since patients are dependent on physicians for medicine prescriptions and have little knowledge of the price variations among branded and generic medicines, the JAS may not provide the cheapest alternative for the patients. Hence, the government should urgently review the JAS prices to achieve its goal of providing low-cost affordable medicines.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3309_f58423d94c4a8858cc768987c764341e.pdf
2017-05-01
253
256
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.02
Generic Medicines
Branded Medicines
Jan Aushadhi Scheme (JAS)
India
Kanchan
Mukherjee
kanch@tiss.edu
1
Centre for Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Health Systems Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Mumbai, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Saksena P, Xu K, Durairaj V. The drivers of catastrophic expenditure: outpatient services, hospitalization or medicines? http://www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/financing/healthreport/21whr-bp.pdf. Published 2010.
1
Wagner AK, Graves AJ, Reiss SK, LeCates R, Zhang F, Degnan DR. Access to care and medicines, burden of health care expenditures, and risk protection: Results from the World Health Survey. Health Policy. 2011;100(2-3):151-158. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.08.004
2
Alam M, Tyagi RP. A Study of Out of Pocket Household Expenditure on Drugs and Medical Services. An Exploratory Analysis of UP, Rajasthan and Delhi. http://planningcommission.gov.in/reports/sereport/ser/ser_drug2910.pdf. Published 2009.
3
Bhargava A, Kalantri SP. The crisis in access to essential medicines in India: key issues which call for action. Indian J Med Ethics. 2013;10(2):86-95.
4
Waning B, Diedrichsen E, Moon S. A lifeline to treatment: the role of Indian generic manufacturers in supplying antiretroviral medicines to developing countries. J Int AIDS Soc. 2010;13:35. doi:10.1186/1758-2652-13-35
5
King DR, Kanavos P. Encouraging the use of generic medicines: implications for transition economies. Croat Med J. 2002;43(4):462-469.
6
Davit BM, Nwakama PE, Buehler GJ, et al. Comparing generic and innovator drugs: a review of 12 years of bioequivalence data from the United States Food and Drug Administration. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43:1583-1597.
7
Gavura S. Generic drugs: Are they equivalent? https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/generic-drugs-are-they-equivalent/. Published 2012.
8
JAS price list. October 2015. http://janaushadhi.gov.in/data/MRPList.pdf.
9
World Health Organization (WHO). The World Medicines Situation Report 2011, Global health Trends: Global Burden of Diseases and Pharmaceutical needs. http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/policy/world_medicines_situation/en/. Published 2014.
10
Background Papers of the National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. India: MOHFW, Government of India; 2005.
11
IMS Health. Assessing the impact of price control measures on access to medicines in India. July 2015.
12
IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics. The role of Generic Medicines in Sustaining Healthcare Systems: An European Perspective. http://www.medicinesforeurope.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/IMS_Health_2015_-_The_Role_of_Generic_Medicines_in_Sustaining_Healthcare_Systems_-_A_European_Perspective.pdf. Published June 2015.
13
Cameron A, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, Leufkens H, Laing R. Switching from originator brand medicines to generic equivalents in selected developing countries: how much could be saved? Value Health. 2012;15(5):664-673. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2012.04.004
14
Budget 2016: Government sets out to open 3,000 Jan Aushadhi stores in 2016-17. The Economic Times. February 29, 2016.
15
Wazana A. Prescribers and the pharmaceutical industry: is a gift ever just a gift? JAMA. 2000;283(3):373‐380.
16
Signal GL, Kotwani A, Nanda A. Jan Aushadhi stores in India and quality of Medicines therin. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011;3(1):204-207.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Do Management and Leadership Practices in the Context of Decentralisation Influence Performance of Community Health Fund? Evidence From Iramba and Iringa Districts in Tanzania
Background In early 1990s, Tanzania like other African countries, adopted health sector reform (HSR). The most strongly held centralisation system that informed the nature of services provision including health was, thus, disintegrated giving rise to decentralisation system. It was within the realm of HSR process, user fees were introduced in the health sector. Along with user fees, various types of health insurances, including the Community Health Fund (CHF), were introduced. While the country’s level of enrolment in the CHF is low, there are marked variations among districts. This paper highlights the role of decentralised health management and leadership practices in the uptake of the CHF in Tanzania. Methods A comparative exploratory case study of high and low performing districts was carried out. In-depth interviews were conducted with the members of the Council Health Service Board (CHSB), Council Health Management Team (CHMT), Health Facility Committees (HFCs), in-charges of health facilities, healthcare providers, and Community Development Officers (CDOs). Minutes of the meetings of the committees and district annual health plans and district annual implementation reports were also used to verify and triangulate the data. Thematic analysis was adopted to analyse the collected data. We employed both inductive and deductive (mixed coding) to arrive to the themes. Results There were no differences in the level of education and experience of the district health managers in the two study districts. Almost all district health managers responsible for the management of the CHF had attended some training on management and leadership. However, there were variations in the personal initiatives of the top-district health leaders, particularly the district health managers, the council health services board and local government officials. Similarly, there were differences in the supervision mechanisms, and incentives available for the health providers, HFCs and board members in the two study districts. Conclusion This paper adds to the stock of knowledge on CHFs functioning in Tanzania. By comparing the best practices with the worst practices, the paper contributes valuable insights on how CHF can be scaled up and maintained. The study clearly indicates that the performance of the community-based health financing largely depends on the personal initiatives of the top-district health leaders, particularly the district health managers and local government officials. This implies that the regional health management team (RHMT) and the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW) should strengthen supportive supervision mechanisms to the district health managers and health facilities. More important, there is need for the MoHSW to provide opportunities for the well performing districts to share good practices to other districts in order to increase uptake of the community-based health insurance.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3277_30aec356aea7920ea47571b7e58f9e37.pdf
2017-05-01
257
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10.15171/ijhpm.2016.130
Community Health Fund (CHF)
Leadership
Management
Tanzania
Chakupewa
Joseph
chakjompa@yahoo.com
1
Mkwawa University College of Education, Iringa, Tanzania
AUTHOR
Stephen Oswald
Maluka
stephenmaluka@yahoo.co.uk
2
Institute of Development Studies, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
LEAD_AUTHOR
Azfar O, Kähkönen S, Lanyi A, Meagher P, Rutherford D. Decentralization, governance and public services the impact of institutional arrangements: a review of the literature. IRIS Center, University of Maryland, College Park; 1999.
1
Lagarde M, Palmer N. The impact of user fees on health services utilization in low-and middle-income countries: how strong is the evidence? Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86(11):839–848. doi:10.2471/BLT.07.049197
2
Manzi F. Experience of Exemptions and Waiver Mechanisms in Kilombero District. Satellite Workshop on Health Insurance, Dar es Salaam, MOHSW; 2005.
3
Whitehead M, Dahlgren G, Evans T. Equity and health sector reforms: can low-income countries escape the medical poverty trap? Lancet. 2001;358(9284):833-836. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)05975-x
4
James C, Hanson K, McPake B, et al. To retain or remove user fees?: reflections on the current debate in low- and middle-income countries. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2006;5(3):137-153.
5
Hsiao WC. Experience of community health financing in the Asian Region. In: Preker AS, Currin G, eds. Health Financing for Poor People: Resource Mobilization and Risk Sharing. Washington: World Bank; 2004: 119.
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Dror DM, Preker AS. Introduction. In: Dror DM, Preker AS, eds. Social Reinsurance: A New Approach to Sustainable Community Health Financing. Washington: World Bank; 2002:627.
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Shaw RP, Griffin CC. Financing Health Care in Sub-Saharan Africa Through User Fees and Insurance. Washington: World Bank; 1995.
8
Adebayo EF, Uthman OA, Wiysonge CS, et al. A systematic review of factors that affect uptake of community based health insurance in low-income and middle-income countries. BMC Health Serv Res 2015;15:543. doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1179-3
9
United Republic of Tanzania (URT). Community Health Fund Act, No 1 of 2001.
10
Maluka S, Bukagile, G. Implementation of community health fund in tanzania: why do some districts perform better than others? Int J Health Plan Manage. 2014;29:e368-e382. doi:10.1002/hpm.2226
11
Mtei G, Mulligan J. Community Health Fund in Tanzania: A Literature Review. Consortium for Research and Equitable health systems (CREHS) London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; 2007.
12
Mubyazi, GM, Borghi J. Desirability, challenges and options for launching a community health fund scheme in Tanzania: interview based views from community members and health managers in Kagera region and review of lessons from other CHF implementing district. Afr J Health Econ. 2012.
13
Ekman B. Community-based health insurance in low-income countries: a systematic review of the evidence. Health Policy Plan. 2004;19:249-270. doi:10.1093/heapol/czh031
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Spaan E, Mathijssen J, Tromp N, McBain F, Have A, Baltussen R. The impact of health insurance in Africa and Asia: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 2012;90:685-692. doi:10.2471/BLT.12.102301
15
Meng Q, Yuan B, Jia L, et al. Expanding health insurance coverage in vulnerable groups: a systematic review of options. Health Policy Plan. 2011;26:93-104. doi:10.1093/heapol/czq038
16
Acharya A, Masset Edoardo S, Taylor F, et al. The impact of health insurance schemes for the informal sector in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review. World Bank Res Obs. 2013;28:236-266. doi:10.1093/wbro/lks009
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Msuya JM, Jutting PJ, Asfaw A. Impacts of Community Health Insurance Schemes on Health Care Provision in Rural Tanzania. ZEF; 2004.
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URT. The Budget Speech Estimate for the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW) for the Financial Year 2014/2015. Tanzania: Ministry of Health and Social Welfare; 2014.
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Bonan J, Lemay-Boucher P, Tenikue, M. Household’s willingness to pay for Health Micro Insurance and its impact on actual take-up: results from a field experiment in Senegal. Working Paper No 15. 2013.
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Quaye R. Balancing Public and Private Health Care Systems: The Sub-Saharan Experience. Maryland: University Press of America; 2010.
21
Asgary C, Willis K, Taghvaei AA, Rafeian P. Estimating rural Willingness to pay for health insurance. Eur J Health Econ. 2004;5:209-215.
22
Macha J, Kawawenaruwa A, Makawia S, Meti G, Borghi J. Determinants of community health fund membership in Tanzania: a mixed methods analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:538. doi:10.1186/s12913-014-0538-9.
23
Mwesiga LP. A Project on Enhancement of Community Participation in Community Health Insurance: A Case of Mwananyamara Ward [Thesis]. Tanzania: The Southern New Hamphire University at the Open University of Tanzania, 2007.
24
Stoammer M, Hanlon P, Tawa M, Macha J, Mosha D. Community Health Fund in Tanzania: Innovation Study. GIZ; 2012.
25
Kessy FL. Improving Health Service Through Community Participation in Health Governance Structure in Tanzania. J Rural Community Dev. 2014;9(2):14-31.
26
Adebayo EF, Uthman OA, Wiysonge CS, et al. A systematic review of factors that affect uptake of community based health insurance in low-income and middle-income countries. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15:543. doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1179-3
27
Lussier RN. Management Fundamentals: Concepts, Applications, Skills Development. United States: Thomson South-Western; 2006.
28
World Health Organization (WHO). Toward Better Leadership and Management in Health: Report on an International Consultation on Strengthening Leadership and Management in Low-income Countries. Accra, Ghana: WHO; 2007.
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Asante A, Hall J. Analysis of Health Leadership and Management Capacity in Six Asia and Pacific Island Countries. Kensington: HRH Knowledge Hub, University of New South Wales, 2010.
30
Mahimbo SM. How to Mobilize CHF Funds: Strategies and Modalities. http://megaslides.com/doc/1634450/chf-best-practices-workshop. Published 2010.
31
Asante AA, Iljanto S, Rule J. Strengthening Health Management and Leadership at the District Level: What Can We Learn From High Performing Districts in the West Java Province of Indonesia? Sydney, Australia: Human Resources for Health KnowledgeHub; 2012.
32
Maluka S, Bukagire G. Community participation in the decentralised district health systems in tanzania: why do some health committees perform better than others? Int J Health Plann Manage. 2016;31(2):E86-E104. doi:10.1002/hpm.2299
33
Mubyazi GM, Kunda SJ, Kisinza WN, Nyoni J, Borg J. Feasibility of a community health fund in Tanzania: a qualitative analysis of policy prospects and local stakeholders’ experience-based views in Kagera region. Afr J Health Econ. 2014;AJE-2014-000:1-36.
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Marberry SO. Innovations in Healthcare Design: Selected Presentations From the First Five Symposia on Healthcare Design. Canada: John Wiley and Sons, Inc; 1995.
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Mayer RC, Gavin MB. Trust in Management and Performance: Who Minds the Shop while the Employees Watch the Boss? Acad Manage J.. 2005;8(5):874-888.
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Bradley S, Kamwendo F, Masanja H, et al. District health managers’ perceptions of supervision in Malawi and Tanzania. Hum Resour Health. 2013;11:43. doi:10.1186/1478-4491-11-43.
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Locke E. Motivation through conscious goal setting. Appl Prev Psychol. 1996;5:117-124. doi:10.1016/s0962-1849(96)80005-9
38
Stilwell B. Health Workers Motivation in Zimbabwe. Geneva: WHO; 2001.
39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Comparison of Iran and UK EQ-5D-3L Value Sets Based on Visual Analogue Scale
Background Preference weights for EQ-5D-3L based on visual analogue scale (VAS) has recently been developed in Iran. The aim of the current study was to compare performance of this value set against the UK VAS-based value set. Methods The mean scores for all possible 243 health states were compared using Student t test. Absolute agreement and consistency were investigated using concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and Bland-Altman plot. Health gains for 29 403 possible transitions between pairs of EQ-5D-3L health states were compared. Responsiveness to change and discriminative ability across subgroups of health transitions were assessed. Results The mean EQ-5D-3L scores were similar for two value sets (mean = 0.31, P = 1.00). For 36% of health states, the absolute differences were greater than 0.10. There were three pairwise logical inconsistencies in the Iranian value set. The Iranian scores were lower (higher) for severe (mild) health states than the United Kingdom. The CCC (95% CI) was 0.85 (0.81 to 0.88) and Bland-Altman plot showed good agreement. The mean health gain for all possible transitions predicted by the Iranian value set was higher (0.22 vs. 0.20, P < .001) and two value sets predicted opposite transitions in 15% of transitions. The responsiveness of these two value sets were similar with lower discriminative ability for Iranian value set. Conclusion The Iranian value set attribute lower values to most severe health states and higher values to mild health states compared with the UK value set. Such systematic differences might translate into discrepant health gains and cost-effectiveness which should be taking into account for informed decision-making.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3278_73434f4d98e76a8364a699b23cc47914.pdf
2017-05-01
267
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10.15171/ijhpm.2016.131
EQ-5D-3L
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
Iran
UK
Aliasghar A.
Kiadaliri
aliasghar.ahmad_kiadaliri@med.lu.se
1
Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical Sciences-Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
LEAD_AUTHOR
Brooks R. EuroQol: the current state of play. Health Policy. 1996;37(1):53-72.
1
Torrance GW. Measurement of health state utilities for economic appraisal. J Health Econ. 1986;5(1):1-30.
2
Stolk EA, Oppe M, Scalone L, Krabbe PF. Discrete choice modeling for the quantification of health states: the case of the EQ-5D. Value Health. 2010;13(8):1005-1013. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2010.00783.x
3
Szende A, Oppe M, Devlin N. EQ-5D value sets: Inventory, comparative review and user guide. Dordrecht: Springer; 2007.
4
Brazier J, Deverill M, Green C, Harper R, Booth A. A review of the use of health status measures in economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 1999;3(9):i-iv.
5
Dolan P. Modeling valuations for EuroQol health states. Med Care. 1997;35(11):1095-1108.
6
Johnson JA, Luo N, Shaw JW, Kind P, Coons SJ. Valuations of EQ-5D health states: are the United States and United Kingdom different? Med Care. 2005;43(3):221-228.
7
Bailey H, Kind P. Preliminary findings of an investigation into the relationship between national culture and EQ-5D value sets. Qual Life Res. 2010;19(8):1145-1154. doi:10.1007/s11136-010-9678-5
8
Konig HH, Bernert S, Angermeyer MC, et al. Comparison of population health status in six european countries: results of a representative survey using the EQ-5D questionnaire. Med Care. 2009;47(2):255-261. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e318184759e
9
Knies S, Evers SM, Candel MJ, Severens JL, Ament AJ. Utilities of the EQ-5D: transferable or not? Pharmacoeconomics. 2009;27(9):767-779. doi:10.2165/11314120-000000000-00000
10
Matter-Walstra K, Klingbiel D, Szucs T, Pestalozzi BC, Schwenkglenks M. Using the EuroQol EQ-5D in Swiss cancer patients, which value set should be applied? Pharmacoeconomics. 2014;32(6):591-599. doi:10.1007/s40273-014-0151-0
11
Goudarzi R, Zeraati H, Sari A, Rashidian A, Mohammad K. Population-Based Preference Weights for the EQ-5D Health States Using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016;18(2):e21584.
12
MVH Group. The Measurement and Valuation of Health. Final report on the modeling of valuation tariffs. UK: York Centre for Health Economics; 1995.
13
Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;1(8476):307-310.
14
Lin LI. Concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility. Biometrics. 1989;45:255-268.
15
Dolan P, Kind P. Inconsistency and health state valuations. Soc Sci Med. 1996;42(4):609-615.
16
Nan L, Johnson JA, Shaw JW, Coons SJ. A comparison of EQ-5D index scores derived from the US and UK population-based scoring functions. Med Decis Making. 2007;27(3):321-326. doi:10.1177/0272989X07300603
17
Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. USA: Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates; 1988.
18
Kiadaliri AA, Eliasson B, Gerdtham UG. Does the choice of EQ-5D tariff matter? A comparison of the Swedish EQ-5D-3L index score with UK, US, Germany and Denmark among type 2 diabetes patients. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2015;13:145. doi:10.1186/s12955-015-0344-z
19
Jurges H. True health vs response styles: exploring cross-country differences in self-reported health. Health Econ. 2007;16(2):163-178. doi:10.1002/hec.1134
20
Noyes K, Dick AW, Holloway RG. The implications of using US-specific EQ-5D preference weights for cost-effectiveness evaluation. Med Decis Making. 2007;27(3):327-334. doi:10.1177/0272989X07301822
21
Xie F, Gaebel K, Perampaladas K, Doble B, Pullenayegum E. Comparing EQ-5D valuation studies: a systematic review and methodological reporting checklist. Med Decis Making. 2014;34(1):8-20. doi:10.1177/0272989X13480852
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Stakeholders Perspectives on the Success Drivers in Ghana’s National Health Insurance Scheme – Identifying Policy Translation Issues
Background Ghana’s National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), established by an Act of Parliament (Act 650), in 2003 and since replaced by Act 852 of 2012 remains, in African terms, unprecedented in terms of growth and coverage. As a result, the scheme has received praise for its associated legal reforms, clinical audit mechanisms and for serving as a hub for knowledge sharing and learning within the context of South-South cooperation. The scheme continues to shape national health insurance thinking in Africa. While the success, especially in coverage and financial access has been highlighted by many authors, insufficient attention has been paid to critical and context-specific factors. This paper seeks to fill that gap. Methods Based on an empirical qualitative case study of stakeholders’ views on challenges and success factors in four mutual schemes (district offices) located in two regions of Ghana, the study uses the concept of policy translation to assess whether the Ghana scheme could provide useful lessons to other African and developing countries in their quest to implement social/NHISs. Results In the study, interviewees referred to both ‘hard and soft’ elements as driving the “success” of the Ghana scheme. The main ‘hard elements’ include bureaucratic and legal enforcement capacities; IT; financing; governance, administration and management; regulating membership of the scheme; and service provision and coverage capabilities. The ‘soft’ elements identified relate to: the background/context of the health insurance scheme; innovative ways of funding the NHIS, the hybrid nature of the Ghana scheme; political will, commitment by government, stakeholders and public cooperation; social structure of Ghana (solidarity); and ownership and participation. Conclusion Other developing countries can expect to translate rather than re-assemble a national health insurance programme in an incomplete and highly modified form over a period of years, amounting to a process best conceived as germination as opposed to emulation. The Ghana experience illustrates that in adopting health financing systems that function well, countries need to customise systems (policy customisation) to suit their socio-economic, political and administrative settings. Home-grown health financing systems that resonate with social values will also need to be found in the process of translation.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3280_4d52bf7e0b54425ce326f48c80ce01a1.pdf
2017-05-01
273
283
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.133
Policy Translation
National/Social Health Insurance
Success Drivers
Policy Reforms
Ghana
Implementation
Adam
Fusheini
adam.fusheini@gmail.com
1
Centre for Health Policy/MRC Health Policy Research Group, and School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
LEAD_AUTHOR
Gordon
Marnoch
gj.marnoch@ulster.ac.uk
2
School of Criminology, Politics and Social Policy, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, UK
AUTHOR
Ann Marie
Gray
am.gray@ulster.ac.uk
3
School of Criminology, Politics and Social Policy, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, UK
AUTHOR
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World Health Organization (WHO). Success Stories of Health Financing Reforms for Universal Coverage Ghana. Geneva: WHO; 2011.
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MoH. Holistic Assessment of the Health Sector Programme of Work 2014. Accra; 2014.
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Kusi A, Enemark U, Hansen KS, Asante FA. Refusal to enrol in Ghana’s National Health Insurance Scheme: is affordability the problem? Int J Equity Health. 2015;14:2. doi:10.1186/s12939-014-0130-2
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Amponsah EN. Demand for health insurance among women in Ghana: cross sectional evidence. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics. 2009;33:180-189.
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Gobah FFK, Liang Z. The National Health Insurance Scheme in Ghana: prospects and challenges: a cross-sectional evidence. Glob J Health Sci. 2011;3(2):90-101. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v3n2p90
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National Health Insurance Authority Annual Report. NHIS website. http://www.nhis.gov.gh/annualreport.aspx. Published 2011.
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Berkhout E, Oostingh H. Health Insurance in Low Income Countries: where is the evidence that it works? Oxfam website. https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/health-insurance-low-income-countries. Published 2008.
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Barimah KB, Mensah J. Ghana's National Health Insurance Scheme: insights from members, administrators and health care providers. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2013;24(3):1378-1390.
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Dixon J, Tenkorang EY, Luginaah IN, Kuuire VZ, Boateng GO. National health insurance scheme enrolment and antenatal care among women in Ghana: is there any relationship? Trop Med Int Health. 2014;19(1):98-106. doi:10.1111/tmi.12223
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Dixon J. Determinants of Health Insurance Enrolment in Ghana's Upper West Region. Ontario: The University of Western Ontario; 2014.
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Alhassan RK, Spieker N, van Ostenberg P, Ogink A, Nketiah-Amponsah E, de Wit T. Association between health worker motivation and healthcare quality efforts in Ghana. Hum Resour Health. 2013;11:37. doi:10.1186/1478-4491-11-37
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Alhassan RK, Duku SO, Janssens W, et al. Comparison of Perceived and Technical Healthcare Quality in Primary Health Facilities: Implications for a Sustainable National Health Insurance Scheme in Ghana. PloS One. 2015;10(10):e0140109. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140109
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Debpuur C, Dalaba MA, Chatio S, Adjuik M, Akweongo P. An exploration of moral hazard behaviors under the national health insurance scheme in Northern Ghana: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2015;15(1):469. doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1133-4
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Fusheini A, Marnoch G, Gray AM. Implementation Challenges of the National Health Insurance Scheme in Selected Districts in Ghana: Evidence from the Field. Int J Public Adm. 2016. doi:10.1080/01900692.2015.1127963
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Giovannetti G, de Haan A, Sabates-Wheeler R, Sanfilippo M. Successes in social protection: what lessons can be learned? Rev Can Etudes Dev. 2011;32(4):439-453. doi:10.1080/02255189.2011.647446
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Sabates-Wheeler R, Devereux S. Transformative social protection: the currency of social justice. In: Barrientos A, Hulme D, eds. Social Protection for the Poor and Poorest. UK: Palgrave Macmillan; 2008:64-84.
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Giovannetti G. Social Protection for Inclusive Development. A New Perspective in EU Cooperation with Africa. Florence: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute; 2010.
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Ramachandra S, Hsiao W. Ghana: initiating social health insurance. Social Health Insurance for Developing Nations. 2007;434:61. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-6949-4
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Lagomarsino G, Garabrant A, Adyas A, Muga R, Otoo N. Moving towards universal health coverage: health insurance reforms in nine developing countries in Africa and Asia. Lancet. 2012;380:933-943. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61147-7
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Sachs JD. Achieving universal health coverage in low-income settings. Lancet. 2012;380(9845):944-947. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61149-0
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Mukhtarov F. Rethinking the travel of ideas: policy translation in the water sector. Policy Polit. 2014;42(1):71-88. doi:10.1332/030557312x655459
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Stone DL. Transfer and Translation of Policy. Policy Stud. 2012;33(4):1-17. doi:10.1080/01442872.2012.695933
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Stone D. Private philanthropy or policy transfer? The transnational norms of the Open Society Institute. Policy Polit. 2010;38(2):269-287. doi:10.1332/030557309x458416
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Stone D. Transfer agents and global networks in the ‘transnationalization’of policy. J Eur Public Policy. 2004;11(3):545-566. doi:10.1080/13501760410001694291
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Annim SK, Mariwah S, Sebu J. Spatial inequality and household poverty in Ghana. Econ Syst. 2012;36(4):487-505. doi:10.1016/j.ecosys.2012.05.002
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Asenso-Okyere WK. Health Financing: Financing health care in Ghana. Paper presented at: World Health Forum; 1995.
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Ghana. National Health Insurance Act (Act 852). Accra; 2012.
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Seddoh A, Sam A, Alex N. Ghana’s National Health Insurance Scheme: views on progress, observations and commentary. Accra: Center for Health and Social Services; 2011.
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Pollitt C. Time, Policy, Management: Governing With the Past: Governing With the Past. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008.
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Pollitt C, Bouckaert G. Continuity and Change in Public Policy and Management. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Inc; 2009.
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Pierson P. Politics in time: History, institutions, and social analysis. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2004.
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Basaza RK, O’Connell TS, Chapčáková I. Players and processes behind the national health insurance scheme: a case study of Uganda. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13:357. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-13-357
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Fenenga CJ, Nketiah-Amponsah E, Ogink A, Arhinful DK, Poortinga W, Hutter I. Social capital and active membership in the Ghana National Health Insurance Scheme-a mixed method study. Int J Equity Health. 2015;14:118. doi:10.1186/s12939-015-0239-y
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58
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Challenges of Projecting the Public Health Impacts of Marijuana Legalization in Canada; Comment on “Legalizing and Regulating Marijuana in Canada: Review of Potential Economic, Social, and Health Impacts”
A recent editorial in this journal provides a summary of key economic, social, and public health considerations of the forthcoming legislation to legalize, regulate, and restrict access to marijuana in Canada. As our government plans to implement an evidence-based public health framework for marijuana legalization, we reflect and expand on recent discussions of the public health implications of marijuana legalization, and offer additional points of consideration. We select two commonly cited public concerns of marijuana legalization – adolescent usage and impaired driving – and discuss how the underdeveloped and equivocal body of scientific literature surrounding these issues limits the ability to predict the effects of legalization. Finally, we discuss the potential for some potential public health benefits of marijuana legalization – specifically the potential for marijuana to be used as a substitute to opioids and other risky substance use – that have to date not received adequate attention.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3271_2c5e2309668baa31a3ed0ac182bc4bde.pdf
2017-05-01
285
287
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.124
Marijuana Legalization
Health Impact
Public Health
Canada
Stephanie
Lake
slake@cfenet.ubc.ca
1
British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
AUTHOR
Thomas
Kerr
uhri-tk@cfenet.ubc.ca
2
British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hajizadeh M. Legalizing and regulating marijuana in Canada: review of potential economic, social, and health impacts. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(8):453-456. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.63
1
Di Forti M, Marconi A, Carra E, et al. Proportion of patients in south London with first-episode psychosis attributable to use of high potency cannabis: a case-control study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2(3):233-238. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00117-5
2
Di Forti M, Iyegbe C, Sallis H, et al. Confirmation that the AKT1 (rs2494732) genotype influences the risk of psychosis in cannabis users. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;72(10):811-816. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.06.020
3
French L, Gray C, Leonard G, et al. Early cannabis use, polygenic risk score for schizophrenia and brain maturation in adolescence. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(10):1002-1011. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1131
4
Power RA, Verweij KJ, Zuhair M, et al. Genetic predisposition to schizophrenia associated with increased use of cannabis. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19(11):1201-1204. doi:10.1038/mp.2014.51
5
Cheetham A, Allen NB, Whittle S, Simmons JG, Yucel M, Lubman DI. Orbitofrontal volumes in early adolescence predict initiation of cannabis use: a 4-year longitudinal and prospective study. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;71(8):684-692. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.029
6
Rogeberg O. Correlations between cannabis use and IQ change in the Dunedin cohort are consistent with confounding from socioeconomic status. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(11):4251-4254. doi:10.1073/pnas.1215678110
7
Mokrysz C, Landy R, Gage SH, Munafò MR, Roiser JP, Curran HV. Are IQ and educational outcomes in teenagers related to their cannabis use? A prospective cohort study. J Psychopharmacol. 2016;30(2):159-168. doi:10.1177/0269881115622241
8
Jackson NJ, Isen JD, Khoddam R, et al. Impact of adolescent marijuana use on intelligence: Results from two longitudinal twin studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113(5):E500-508. doi:10.1073/pnas.1516648113
9
Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (CCSA). Clearing the Smoke on Cannabis. http://www.ccsa.ca/Resource%20Library/CCSA-Clearing-Smoke-on-Cannabis-Highlights-2015-en.pdf. Published April 2015.
10
Summary of results of the Youth Smoking Survey 2012-2013. Canada: Government of Canada; 2014.
11
Child well-being in rich countries: a comparative overview. Florence: UNICEF; 2013.
12
Ubelacker S. Pot should be legalized, regulated and sold like alcohol: addiction centre. The Globe and Mail. October 9, 2014. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/pot-should-be-legalized-regulated-and-sold-like-alcohol-addiction-centre/article20995728/.
13
Spithoff S, Kahan M. Cannabis and Canadian youth: evidence, not ideology. Can Fam Physician. 2014;60(9):785-787.
14
Marijuana. Liberal Party of Canada website. https://www.liberal.ca/realchange/marijuana/. Accessed July 5, 2016. Published 2015.
15
Hasin DS, Wall M, Keyes KM, et al. Medical marijuana laws and adolescent marijuana use in the USA from 1991 to 2014: results from annual, repeated cross-sectional surveys. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2(7):601-608. doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00217-5
16
Choo EK, Benz M, Zaller N, Warren O, Rising KL, McConnell KJ. The impact of state medical marijuana legislation on adolescent marijuana use. J Adolesc Health. 2014;55(2):160-166. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.02.018
17
Hall W, Solowij N. Adverse effects of cannabis. Lancet. 1998;352(9140):1611-1616. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)05021-1
18
Rogeberg O, Elvik R. The effects of cannabis intoxication on motor vehicle collision revisited and revised. Addiction. 2016. doi:10.1111/add.13347
19
National Institute on Drug Abuse. Marijuana: Facts for Teens. http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/marijuana-facts-teens/want-to-know-more-some-faqs-about-marijuana. Accessed July 5, 2016. Published 2013.
20
Salomonsen-Sautel S, Min SJ, Sakai JT, Thurstone C, Hopfer C. Trends in fatal motor vehicle crashes before and after marijuana commercialization in Colorado. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;140:137-144. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.04.008
21
Rocky Mountain High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area. The Legalization of Marijuana in Colorado: The Impact. August2014.
22
Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD. Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. Lancet. 2010;376(9752):1558-1565. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61462-6
23
Bachhuber MA, Saloner B, Cunningham CO, Barry CL. Medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality in the United States, 1999-2010. JAMA Intern Med. 2014. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.4005
24
Lau N, Sales P, Averill S, Murphy F, Sato S-O, Murphy S. A safer alternative: Cannabis substitution as harm reduction. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2015;34(6):654-659. doi:10.1111/dar.12275
25
Lucas P, Reiman A, Earleywine M, et al. Cannabis as a substitute for alcohol and other drugs: A dispensary-based survey of substitution effect in Canadian medical cannabis patients. Addiction Res Theory. 2013;21(5):435-442. doi:10.3109/16066359.2012.733465
26
Lucas P, Walsh Z, Crosby K, et al. Substituting cannabis for prescription drugs, alcohol and other substances among medical cannabis patients: The impact of contextual factors. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2015. doi:10.1111/dar.12323
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Is It Time to Say Farewell to the ISDS System?; Comment on “The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Is It Everything We Feared for Health?”
Investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) continues to plague health-oriented government regulation. This is particularly reflected in recent challenges to tobacco control measures through bilateral investment agreements. There are numerous reform proposals circulating within the public health community. However, I suggest that perhaps it is time for the community to explore a stronger position on ISDS. I draw from mounting evidence on the problematic uses of the ISDS to explore the proposition that ISDS is no longer justified. I tackle the normative question of shouldthe ISDS system persist and point out that the ISDS system is not justifiable from a development perspective and because of its nefarious use, is of no added value to a system that could rely on domestic courts.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3273_d7b60a5f85fceb00fb99d8461146fe8f.pdf
2017-05-01
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291
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.125
Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement
Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS)
Health Policy
Government Regulation
Raphael
Lencucha
raphael.lencucha@mcgill.ca
1
School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). World Investment Report 2016: Investor nationality, policy challenges. Geneva: UNCTAD; 2016.
1
Labonté R, Schram A, Ruckert A. The Trans-Pacific Partnership: is it everything we feared for health? Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(8):487-496. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.41
2
Yackee JW. Bilateral investment treaties, credible commitment, and the rule of (international) law: Do BITs promote foreign direct investment? Law Soc Rev. 2008;42(4):805-832. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00359.x
3
Neumayer E, Spess L. Do bilateral investment treaties increase foreign direct investment to developing countries? World Dev. 2005;33(10):1567-1585. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.07.001
4
Asiedu E. Foreign direct investment in Africa: the role of natural resources, market size, government policy, institutions and political instability. World Econ. 2006;29(1):63-77. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2006.00758.x
5
Rose-Ackerman S, Tobin J. Foreign direct investment and the business environment in developing countries: the impact of bilateral investment treaties. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=557121. Accessed September 4, 2016. Published May 2, 2005.
6
Asiedu E, Jin Y, Nandwa B. Does foreign aid mitigate the adverse effect of expropriation risk on foreign direct investment? J Int Econ. 2009 Jul;78(2):268-275. doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2009.03.004
7
Lee H. Does armed conflict reduce foreign direct investment in the petroleum sector? Foreign Policy Anal. 2016. doi:10.1111/fpa.12079
8
Hallward-Driemeier M. Do Bilateral Investment Treaties Attract Foreign Direct Investment? Only a Bit and They Could Bite. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3121http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=636541. Accessed October 19, 2012. Published 2004.
9
Pelc K. Does the International Investment Regime Induce Frivolous Litigation? http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2778056. Accessed July 25, 2016. Published May 10, 2016.
10
Friel S, Gleeson D, Thow AM, et al. A new generation of trade policy: potential risks to diet-related health from the trans pacific partnership agreement. Glob Health. 2013;9:46. doi:10.1186/1744-8603-9-46
11
Thow AM, McGrady B, Thow AM, McGrady B. Protecting policy space for public health nutrition in an era of international investment agreements. Bull World Health Organ. 2014;92(2):139-145. doi:10.2471/blt.13.120543
12
Lencucha R, Labonte R, Drope J. Tobacco plain packaging: too hot for regulatory chill. Lancet. 2015;385(9979):1723. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60883-2
13
Printz C. Gates, Bloomberg establish fund to fight tobacco industry worldwide: Effort aims to assist low-income countries. Cancer. 2015;121(14):2291-2292. doi:10.1002/cncr.28998
14
European Commission (EC). Investor-to-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS): Some Facts and Figures. EC; 2015.
15
Pendas M, Mathison E. TPP and investor-state dispute settlement: an intertwined spectrum of options for investors? Glob Trade Cust J. 2016;11(4):157-164.
16
UN experts voice concern over adverse impact of free trade and investment agreements on human rights. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner; 2015.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessing the Health Impact of Trade: A Call for an Expanded Research Agenda; Comment on “The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Is It Everything We Feared for Health?”
Labonté et al provide an insightful analysis of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and its impact on a selection of important health determinants. Their work confirms concerns raised by previous analyses of leaked drafts and offers governments serious and timely reasons to carefully consider provisions of the agreement prior to moving forward with ratification. It also contributes more generally to a growing literature focused on identifying the health impacts of trade. This commentary uses the authors’ analysis as a starting point to reflect on two interrelated issues relevant both for taking seriously one of the article’s main recommendations and future work in the area of trade and health.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3274_b228e5696c63680a0c77345e0c2fc04f.pdf
2017-05-01
293
294
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.126
Trade
Health
Social Policy
Labour Markets
Courtney
McNamara
courtney.mcnamara@ntnu.no
1
Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
LEAD_AUTHOR
Labonté R, Schram A, Ruckert A. The Trans-Pacific Partnership: is it everything we feared for health? Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;6(5):487-496. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.41
1
Hirono K, Haigh F, Gleeson D, Harris P, Thow AM, Friel S. Is health impact assessment useful in the context of trade negotiations? A case study of the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement. BMJ Open. 2016;6(4):e010339. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010339
2
Friel S, Gleeson D, Thow AM, et al. A new generation of trade policy: potential risks to diet-related health from the trans pacific partnership agreement. Glob Health. 2013;9:46. doi:10.1186/1744-8603-9-46
3
World Health Commission. Closing the gap in a generation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008 http://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/finalreport/en/. Accessed June 30, 2016.
4
Blouin C, Chopra M, van der Hoeven R. Trade and social determinants of health. Lancet. 2009;373(9662):502-507. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61777-8
5
McNamara C. Trade liberalization, social policies and health: an empirical case study. Glob Health. 2015;11:42. doi:10.1186/s12992-015-0126-8
6
Link BG, Phelan J. Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. J Health Soc Behav. 1995;Spec No:80-94. doi:10.2307/2626958
7
Capaldo J, Izurieta A, Sundaram JK. Trading Down: Unemployment, Inequality and Other Risks of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. The Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University; 2016. http://www.ase.tufts.edu/gdae/policy_research/TPP_simulations.html. Accessed April 22, 2016.
8
Bambra C. Work, Worklessness, and the Political Economy of Health. 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2011.
9
Parry J, Stevens A. Prospective health impact assessment: pitfalls, problems, and possible ways forward. BMJ. 2001;323:1177-1182. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7322.1177
10
Krieger N, Northridge M, Gruskin S, et al. Assessing health impact assessment: multidisciplinary and international perspectives. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003;57:659-662. doi:10.1136/jech.57.9.659
11
Schram A, Labonté R, Baker P, Friel S, Reeves A, Stuckler D. The role of trade and investment liberalization in the sugar-sweetened carbonated beverages market: a natural experiment contrasting Vietnam and the Philippines. Glob Health. 2015;11:41. doi:10.1186/s12992-015-0127-7
12
Baker P, Friel S, Schram A, Labonté R. Trade and investment liberalization, food systems change and highly processed food consumption: a natural experiment contrasting the soft-drink markets of Peru and Bolivia. Glob Health. 2016;12:24. doi:10.1186/s12992-016-0161-0
13
Fa’alili-Fidow J, McCool J, Percival T. Trade and health in Samoa: views from the insiders. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:309. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-309
14
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15
Walt G, Gilson L. Reforming the health sector in developing countries: the central role of policy analysis. Health Policy Plan 1994;9:353-370. doi:10.1093/heapol/9.4.353
16
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17
Smith R, Blouin C, Mirza Z, Beyer P, Drager N, editors. Trade and Health: Towards building a National Strategy. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 http://www.who.int/phi/documents/trade-and-health/en/. Accessed October 11, 2015.
18
Smith RD, Lee K, Drager N. Trade and health: an agenda for action. Lancet. 2009;373:768-773. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61780-8
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Advancing Public Health on the Changing Global Trade and Investment Agenda; Comment on “The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Is It Everything We Feared for Health?”
Concerns regarding the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) have raised awareness about the negative public health impacts of trade and investment agreements. In the past decade, we have learned much about the implications of trade agreements for public health: reduced equity in access to health services; increased flows of unhealthy commodities; limits on access to medicines; and constrained policy space for health. Getting health on the trade agenda continues to prove challenging, despite some progress in moving towards policy coherence. Recent changes in trade and investment agendas highlight an opportunity for public health researchers and practitioners to engage in highly politicized debates about how future economic policy can protect and support equitable public health outcomes. To fulfil this opportunity, public health attention now needs to turn to strengthening policy coherence between trade and health, and identifying how solutions can be implemented. Key strategies include research agendas that address politics and power, and capacity building for both trade and health officials.
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International Trade Agreements
Health
Policy Coherence
Policy Space
Anne Marie
Thow
annemarie.thow@sydney.edu.au
1
Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Deborah
Gleeson
d.gleeson@latrobe.edu.au
2
School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
AUTHOR
Labonté R, Schram A, Ruckert A. The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Is It Everything We Feared for Health? Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(8):487-496. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.41
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Defining Integrated Knowledge Translation and Moving Forward: A Response to Recent Commentaries
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3319_6ac8f82bceca6c311bf870fda44cccad.pdf
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Knowledge Translation (KT)
Integrated Knowledge Translation (IKT), Knowledge
Co-production
Collaboration
Anita
Kothari
akothari@uwo.ca
1
School of Health Studies, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
Chris
McCutcheon
cmccutcheon@ohri.ca
2
Integrated Knowledge Translation Research Network, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
AUTHOR
Ian D.
Graham
igraham@ohri.ca
3
School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
AUTHOR
CIHR. Evaluation of CIHR’s Knowledge Translation Funding Program. http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/47332.html. Accessed January 30, 2017. Published 2013.
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Dipankui MT. Collaboration between researchers and knowledge users in health technology assessment: a qualitative exploratory study. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016; Forthcoming. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.153
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