ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Trade Agreements and Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Pharmaceuticals
There is growing international concern about the risks posed by direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription pharmaceuticals, including via the internet. Recent trade agreements negotiated by the United States, however, incorporate provisions that may constrain national regulation of DTCA. Some provisions explicitly mention DTCA; others enable foreign investors to seek compensation if new regulations are seen to harm their investments. These provisions may thus prevent countries from restricting DTCA or put them at risk of expensive legal action from companies seeking damages due to restrictions on advertising. While the most recent example, the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP), collapsed following US withdrawal in January 2017, early indications of the Trump Administration’s trade policy agenda signal an even more aggressive approach on the part of the United States in negotiating advantages for American businesses. Furthermore, the eleven remaining TPP countries may decide to proceed with the agreement in the absence of the United States, with most of the original text (including the provisions relevant to DTCA) intact.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3425_785bdd8fd6046c291d20f6bc8e163c2a.pdf
2018-02-01
98
100
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.124
Trade Agreements
Pharmaceuticals
Advertising
Direct-to-Consumer Advertising (DTCA)
Investor-State Dispute Settlement
Deborah
Gleeson
d.gleeson@latrobe.edu.au
1
School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
LEAD_AUTHOR
David B.
Menkes
david.menkes@auckland.ac.nz
2
Waikato Clinical Campus, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
AUTHOR
Gleeson D, Friel S. Emerging threats to public health from regional trade agreements. Lancet. 2013;381(9876):1507-1509. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60312-8
1
Gilbody S, Wilson P, Watt I. Benefits and harms of direct to consumer advertising: a systematic review. Qual Saf Health Care. 2005;14(4):246-250. doi:10.1136/qshc.2004.012781
2
Faerber AE, Kreling DH. Content analysis of false and misleading claims in television advertising for prescription and nonprescription drugs. J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29(1):110-118. doi:10.1007/s11606-013-2604-0
3
Onakpoya IJ, Heneghan CJ, Aronson JK. Delays in the post-marketing withdrawal of drugs to which deaths have been attributed: a systematic investigation and analysis. BMC Med. 2015;13:26. doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0262-7
4
Kim H. Trouble spots in online direct-to-consumer prescription drug promotion: a content analysis of FDA Warning Letters. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(12):813-821. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.157
5
Liu Q, Gupta S. The impact of direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs on physician visits and drug requests: Empirical findings and public policy implications. International Journal of Research in Marketing. 2011;28(3):205-217. doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2011.04.001
6
Liu Q, Gupta S. Direct-to-consumer advertising of pharmaceuticals: an integrative review. In: Ding M, Eliashberg J, Stremersch S, eds. Innovation and Marketing in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Emerging Practices, Research, and Policies. New York: Springer; 2014:629-649.
7
Gagnon MA, Lexchin J. The cost of pushing pills: a new estimate of pharmaceutical promotion expenditures in the United States. PLoS Med. 2008;5(1):e1. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050001
8
Mailankody S, Prasad V. Pharmaceutical marketing for rare diseases: regulating drug company promotion in an era of unprecedented advertisement. JAMA. 2017;317(24):2479-2480. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.5784
9
Rockwell KL. Direct-to-consumer medical testing in the era of value-based care. JAMA. 2017;317(24):2485-2486. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.5929
10
Mackey TK. Digital direct-to-consumer advertising: a perfect storm of rapid evolution and stagnant regulation: Comment on "Trouble spots in online direct-to-consumer prescription drug promotion: a content analysis of FDA warning letters." Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(4):271-274. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.11
11
Every-Palmer S, Duggal R, Menkes DB. Direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medication in New Zealand. N Z Med J. 2014;127(1401):102-110.
12
McCarthy M. US physician group calls for ban on direct to consumer drug advertising. BMJ. 2015;351:h6230. doi:10.1136/bmj.h6230
13
Velo G, Moretti U. Direct-to-consumer information in Europe: the blurred margin between promotion and information. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;66(5):626-628. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03283.x
14
Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement, Annex 2-C: Pharmaceuticals, Article 5. http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/trade-investment/australia-united-states-free-trade-agreement/Pages/chapter-two-national-treatment-and-market-access-for-goods.aspx. Accessed February 5, 2016.
15
Lopert R, Gleeson D. The high price of "free" trade: U.S. trade agreements and access to medicines. J Law Med Ethics. 2013;41(1):199-223. doi:10.1111/jlme.12014
16
Paek HJ, Lee H, Praet CLC, et al. Pharmaceutical Advertising in Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, Australia, and the US: Current Conditions and Future Directions. http://www.coms.hkbu.edu.hk/karachan/file/HCR_Pharmaceutical_ad_in_Asia%202011.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2016. Published 2011.
17
Monasterio E, Gleeson D. The Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement: exacerbation of inequality for patients with serious mental illness. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2014;48(12):1077-1080. doi:10.1177/0004867414557679
18
Freeman J, Keating G, Monasterio E, Neuwelt P, Gleeson D. Call for transparency in new generation trade deals. Lancet. 2015;385(9968):604-605. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60233-1
19
New Zealand Government. Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) Agreement Ministerial Statement. https://beehive.govt.nz/release/trans-pacific-partnership-tpp-agreement-ministerial-statement. Accessed May 21, 2017. Published 2017.
20
Moir J. TPP talks to push on without US support but NZ election could scupper it.. http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/92816590/tpp-talks-to-push-on-without-us-support-but-nz-election-could-scupper-it. Accessed June 15, 2017. Published May 21, 2017
21
New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Text of the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement. Annex 26-A, Article 4. 2016. https://www.tpp.mfat.govt.nz/text. Accessed February 5, 2016.
22
Eli Lilly and Company v. The Government of Canada. Notice of Arbitration. http://www.italaw.com/cases/1625 . Accessed April 18, 2017. Published 2013.
23
Gaukrodger D, Gordon K. Investor-State Dispute Settlement: A Scoping Paper for the Investment Policy Community, OECD Working Papers on International Investment, 2012/03, OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/5k46b1r85j6f-en. Accessed March 18, 2016.
24
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Issues Note No. 1: Recent Developments in Investor-State Dispute Settlement. http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/webdiaepcb2014d3_en.pdf. Accessed March 18, 2016. Published 2014.
25
Office of the United States Trade Representative. The President’s 2017 Trade Policy Agenda. In: 2017 Trade Policy Agenda and 2016 Annual Report of the President of the United States on the Trade Agreements Program. https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/reports/2017/AnnualReport/AnnualReport2017.pdf. Accessed April 18, 2017. Published 2017.
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
What Enables and Constrains the Inclusion of the Social Determinants of Health Inequities in Government Policy Agendas? A Narrative Review
Background Despite decades of evidence gathering and calls for action, few countries have systematically attenuated health inequities (HI) through action on the social determinants of health (SDH). This is at least partly because doing so presents a significant political and policy challenge. This paper explores this challenge through a review of the empirical literature, asking: what factors have enabled and constrained the inclusion of the social determinants of health inequities (SDHI) in government policy agendas? Methods A narrative review method was adopted involving three steps: first, drawing upon political science theories on agenda-setting, an integrated theoretical framework was developed to guide the review; second, a systematic search of scholarly databases for relevant literature; and third, qualitative analysis of the data and thematic synthesis of the results. Studies were included if they were empirical, met specified quality criteria, and identified factors that enabled or constrained the inclusion of the SDHI in government policy agendas. Results A total of 48 studies were included in the final synthesis, with studies spanning a number of country-contexts and jurisdictional settings, and employing a diversity of theoretical frameworks. Influential factors included the ways in which the SDHI were framed in public, media and political discourse; emerging data and evidence describing health inequalities; limited supporting evidence and misalignment of proposed solutions with existing policy and institutional arrangements; institutionalised norms and ideologies (ie, belief systems) that are antithetical to a SDH approach including neoliberalism, the medicalisation of health and racism; civil society mobilization; leadership; and changes in government. Conclusion A complex set of interrelated, context-dependent and dynamic factors influence the inclusion or neglect of the SDHI in government policy agendas. It is better to think about these factors as increasing (or decreasing) the ‘probability’ of health equity reaching a government agenda, rather than in terms of ‘necessity’ or ‘sufficiency.’ Understanding these factors may help advocates develop strategies for generating political priority for attenuating HI in the future.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3438_47e332cf5cb2935ed3da952ee66f482d.pdf
2018-02-01
101
111
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.130
Health Inequities
Health Inequalities
Social Determinants of Health
Agenda-Setting
Policy Process
Phillip
Baker
phillip.baker@sydney.edu.au
1
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
AUTHOR
Sharon
Friel
sharon.friel@anu.edu.au
2
School of Regulation and Global Governance (RegNet), College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Adrian
Kay
adrian.kay@anu.edu.au
3
Institute of Policy Studies, University Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
AUTHOR
Fran
Baum
fran.baum@adelaide.edu.au
4
Southgate Institute of Health, Society and Equity, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
AUTHOR
Lyndall
Strazdins
lyndall.strazdins@anu.edu.au
5
National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Medicine, Biology & Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
AUTHOR
Tamara
Mackean
tamara.mackean@flinders.edu.au
6
Southgate Institute of Health, Society and Equity, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
AUTHOR
Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
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64
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Towards Patient-Centered Conflicts of Interest Policy
Financial conflicts of interest exist between industry and physicians, and these relationships have the power to influence physicians’ medical practice. Transparency about conflicts matters for ensuring adequate informed consent, controlling healthcare expenditure, and encouraging physicians’ reflection on professionalism. The US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) launched the Open Payments Program (OPP) to publicly disclose and bring transparency to the relationships between industry and physicians in the United States. We set out to explore user awareness of the database and the ease of accessibility to disclosed information, however, as we show, both awareness and actual use are very low. Two practical policies can greatly enhance its intended function and help alleviate ethical tension. The first is to provide data for individual physicians not merely in absolute terms, but in meaningful context, that is, in relation to the zip code, city, and state averages. The second increases access to the OPP dataset by adding hyperlinks from physicians’ professional websites directly to their Open Payments disclosure pages. These changes considerably improve transparency and the utility of available data, and can furthermore enhance professionalism and accountability by encouraging physicians to reflect more actively on their own practices.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3433_8b05180ea0c19bc486fc4f99acc36abc.pdf
2018-02-01
112
119
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.128
Conflict of Interest
Physician-Industry Relationships
Informed Consent
Physician Payments Sunshine Act
Open Payments Program (OPP)
Peter D.
Young
peteryoung@jhu.edu
1
Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Dawei
Xie
dxie@upenn.edu
2
Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
AUTHOR
Harald
Schmidt
schmidth@mail.med.upenn.edu
3
Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
AUTHOR
WMA Declaration of Helsinki – Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. World Medical Association website. https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/. Updated October 19, 2013. Accessed July 13, 2017.
1
WMA Statement Concerning the Relationship between Physicians and Commercial Enterprises. World Medical Association website. https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-statement-concerning-the-relationship-between-physicians-and-commercial-enterprises/. Updated October 16, 2009. Accessed July 13, 2017.
2
World Health Organization. Standards and Operational Guidance for Ethics Review of Health-Related Research with Human Participants. Geneva: WHO Document Production Services; 2011.
3
Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS). International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
4
Nuffield Council on Bioethics. The Ethics of Research Related to Healthcare in Developing Countries. London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics; 2002.
5
Muijrers PE, Grol RP, Sijbrandij J, Janknegt R, Knottnerus JA. Differences in prescribing between GPs: impact of the cooperation with pharmacists and impact of visits from pharmaceutical industry representatives. Fam Pract. 2005;22(6):624-630. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmi074
6
Watkins C, Moore L, Harvey I, Carthy P, Robinson E, Brawn R. Characteristics of general practitioners who frequently see drug industry representatives: national cross sectional study. BMJ. 2003;326(7400):1178-1179. doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7400.1178
7
Lieb K, Brandtonies S. A survey of German physicians in private practice about contacts with pharmaceutical sales representatives. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010;107(22):392-398. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0392
8
Wadmann S. Physician-industry collaboration: conflicts of interest and the imputation of motive. Soc Stud Sci. 2014;44(4):531-554. doi:10.1177/0306312714525678
9
Vancelik S, Beyhun NE, Acemoglu H, Calikoglu O. Impact of pharmaceutical promotion on prescribing decisions of general practitioners in Eastern Turkey. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:122. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-122
10
Ben Abdelaziz A, Harrabi I, Rahmani S, Ghedira A, Gaha K, Ghannem H. [Attitudes of general practitioners to pharmaceutical sales representatives in Sousse]. East Mediterr Health J. 2003;9(5-6):1075-1083.
11
Open Payments. Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services website. https://www.cms.gov/openpayments/. Accessed July 13, 2017.
12
Regarding the Transparency Guideline for the Relation between Corporate Activities and Medical Institutions. Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association website. http://www.jpma.or.jp/english/policies_guidelines/pdf/transparency_gl.pdf. Accessed July 13, 2017.
13
ACCC Proposes to Strengthen New Individual Reporting in Pharmaceutical Code. Australian Competition & Consumer Commission website. https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/accc-proposes-to-strengthen-new-individual-reporting-in-pharmaceutical-code. Accessed July 13, 2017.
14
Déclarations des Entreprises Ayant Transmis des Données Exploitables. Ordre National Des Medecins website. http://www.sunshine-act.ordre.medecin.fr/liste_donnees_exploitables. Accessed July 13, 2017.
15
EFPIA Disclosure Code: Your Questions Answered. European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations website. http://transparency.efpia.eu/uploads/Modules/Documents/efpia-disclosure-code-your-questions-answered-march-2016.pdf. Accessed July 13, 2017.
16
Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Committee on Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice. Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (U.S.); 2009.
17
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The Facts about Open Payments Data. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website. https://openpaymentsdata.cms.gov/summary. Accessed July 13, 2017.
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Natures of Payment. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services website. https://www.cms.gov/OpenPayments/About/Natures-of-Payment.html. Accessed July 13, 2017.
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Emanuel EJ, Thompson DF. The concept of conflicts of interest. In: Emanuel EJ, Grady C, Crouch RA, Lie RK, Miller FG, Wendler D, eds. The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Research Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008:758-66.
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Dana J, Loewenstein G. A social science perspective on gifts to physicians from industry. JAMA. 2003;290(2):252-255. doi:10.1001/jama.290.2.252
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Orlowski JP, Wateska L. The effects of pharmaceutical firm enticements on physician prescribing patterns. There's no such thing as a free lunch. Chest. 1992;102(1):270-273.
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Spurling GK, Mansfield PR, Montgomery BD, et al. Information from pharmaceutical companies and the quality, quantity, and cost of physicians' prescribing: a systematic review. PLoS Med. 2010;7(10):e1000352. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000352
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Yeh JS, Franklin JM, Avorn J, Landon J, Kesselheim AS. Association of industry payments to physicians with the prescribing of brand-name statins in Massachusetts. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(6):763-768. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1709
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DeJong C, Aguilar T, Tseng CW, Lin GA, Boscardin WJ, Dudley RA. Pharmaceutical industry-sponsored meals and physician prescribing patterns for Medicare beneficiaries. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(8):1114-1122. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2765
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Schmidt H, Emanuel EJ. Lowering medical costs through the sharing of savings by physicians and patients: inclusive shared savings. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(12):2009-2013. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.5367
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Meisel A, Roth LH, Lidz CW. Toward a model of the legal doctrine of informed consent. Am J Psychiatry. 1977;134(3):285-289. doi:10.1176/ajp.134.3.285
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Campbell EG, Rao SR, DesRoches CM, et al. Physician professionalism and changes in physician-industry relationships from 2004 to 2009. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(20):1820-1826. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.383
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Rosenbaum L. Conflicts of interest: part 1: Reconnecting the dots--reinterpreting industry-physician relations. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(19):1860-1864. doi:10.1056/NEJMms1502493
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Rosenbaum L. Beyond moral outrage--weighing the trade-offs of COI regulation. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(21):2064-2068. doi:10.1056/NEJMms1502498
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Steinbrook R, Kassirer JP, Angell M. Justifying conflicts of interest in medical journals: a very bad idea. BMJ. 2015;350:h2942. doi:10.1136/bmj.h2942
37
to physicians: patient beliefs and trust in physicians and the health care system. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(3):274-279. doi:10.1007/s11606-011-1760-3
38
Perry JE, Cox D, Cox AD. Trust and transparency: patient perceptions of physicians' financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies. J Law Med Ethics. 2014;42(4):475-491. doi:10.1111/jlme.12169
39
Pearson SD, Kleinman K, Rusinak D, Levinson W. A trial of disclosing physicians' financial incentives to patients. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(6):623-628. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.6.623
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Hwong AR, Sah S, Lehmann LS. The effects of public disclosure of industry payments to physicians on patient trust: a randomized experiment. J Gen Intern Med. 2017. doi:10.1007/s11606-017-4122-y
41
Green MJ, Masters R, James B, Simmons B, Lehman E. Do gifts from the pharmaceutical industry affect trust in physicians? Fam Med. 2012;44(5):325-331.
42
Klein E, Solomon AJ, Corboy J, Bernat J. Physician compensation for industry-sponsored clinical trials in multiple sclerosis influences patient trust. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2016;8:4-8. doi:10.1016/j.msard.2016.04.001
43
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44
KnowledgePanel® Recruitment and Sample Survey Methodologies. GfK website. http://www.gfk.com/fileadmin/user_upload/dyna_content/US/documents/KnowledgePanel_Methodology.pdf. Accessed July 13, 2017.
45
Documentation for Human Subject Review Committees Gfk Company Information, Past External Review, Confidentiality, and Privacy Protections for Panelists. GfK website. https://www.gfk.com/fileadmin/user_upload/dyna_content/US/documents/GfK_IRB_2016.pdf. Accessed July 14, 2017.
46
Pham-Kanter G, Mello MM, Lehmann LS, Campbell EG, Carpenter D. Public awareness of and contact with physicians who receive industry payments: a national survey. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32(7):767-774. doi:10.1007/s11606-017-4012-3
47
Dollars for Docs. ProPublica website. https://projects.propublica.org/docdollars/. Accessed July 13, 2017.
48
PCORI Staff. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute website. http://www.pcori.org/people. Accessed July 13, 2017.
49
Conflict of Interest Disclosures. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Web site. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/conflict-of-interest-disclosures. Accessed July 13, 2017.
50
Allcott H, Rogers T. The short-run and long-run effects of behavioral interventions: experimental evidence from energy conservation. Am Econ Rev. 2014;104(10):3003-3037. doi:10.1257/aer.104.10.3003
51
Bleich SN, Wolfson JA, Jarlenski MP. Calorie changes in chain restaurant menu items: implications for obesity and evaluations of menu labeling. Am J Prev Med. 2015;48(1):70-75. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.08.026
52
Chimonas S, DeVito NJ, Rothman DJ. Bringing transparency to medicine: exploring physicians' views and experiences of the Sunshine Act. Am J Bioeth. 2017;17(6):4-18. doi:10.1080/15265161.2017.1313334
53
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Measuring the Benefits of Healthcare: DALYs and QALYs – Does the Choice of Measure Matter? A Case Study of Two Preventive Interventions
Background The measurement of health benefits is a key issue in health economic evaluations. There is very scarce empirical literature exploring the differences of using quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) or disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) as benefit metrics and their potential impact in decision-making. Methods Two previously published models delivering outputs in QALYs, were adapted to estimate DALYs: a Markov model for human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination, and a pneumococcal vaccination deterministic model (PNEUMO). Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdom studies were used, where local EQ-5D social value weights were available to provide local QALY weights. A primary study with descriptive vignettes was done (n = 73) to obtain EQ-5D data for all health states included in both models. Several scenario analyses were carried-out to evaluate the relative importance of using different metrics (DALYS or QALYs) to estimate health benefits on these economic evaluations. Results QALY gains were larger than DALYs avoided in all countries for HPV, leading to more favorable decisions using the former. With discounting and age-weighting – scenario with greatest differences in all countries – incremental DALYs avoided represented the 75%, 68%, and 43% of the QALYs gained in Argentina, Chile, and United Kingdom respectively. Differences using QALYs or DALYs were less consistent and sometimes in the opposite direction for PNEUMO. These differences, similar to other widely used assumptions, could directly influence decision-making using usual gross domestic products (GDPs) per capita per DALY or QALY thresholds. Conclusion We did not find evidence that contradicts current practice of many researchers and decision-makers of using QALYs or DALYs interchangeably. Differences attributed to the choice of metric could influence final decisions, but similarly to other frequently used assumptions.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3356_b9902a8ea813ab6da33b518d67f5a55f.pdf
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Quality-Adjusted Life Year (QALY)
Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)
Health Benefit Measure
Economic Evaluation
Federico
Augustovski
faugustovski@iecs.org.ar
1
Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
LEAD_AUTHOR
Lisandro D.
Colantonio
lisandro.colantonio@gmail.com
2
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
AUTHOR
Julieta
Galante
jugalante@gmail.com
3
Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
AUTHOR
Ariel
Bardach
abardach@iecs.org.ar
4
Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
AUTHOR
Joaquín E.
Caporale
jcaporale@iecs.org.ar
5
Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
AUTHOR
Víctor
Zárate
vzarateb@gmail.com
6
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile
AUTHOR
Ling
Hsiang Chuang
lchuang@pharmerit.com
7
Pharmerit, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
AUTHOR
Andres
Pichon-Riviere
apichon@iecs.org.ar
8
Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
AUTHOR
Paul
Kind
p.kind@leeds.ac.uk
9
University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
AUTHOR
Drummond KF, Sculpher MJ, Torrance GW, O’Brien BJ, Stoddart GL. Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.
1
Debicki D, Ferko N, Demarteau N, et al. Comparison of detailed and succinct cohort modelling approaches in a multi-regional evaluation of cervical cancer vaccination. Vaccine. 2008;26(suppl 5):F16-28. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.02.040
2
De Wals P, Black S, Borrow R, Pearce D. Modeling the impact of a new vaccine on pneumococcal and nontypable Haemophilus influenzae diseases: a new simulation model. Clin Ther. 2009;31(10):2152-2169. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.10.014
3
Marti SG, Colantonio L, Bardach A, et al. A cost-effectiveness analysis of a 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children in six Latin American countries. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2013;11(1):21. doi:10.1186/1478-7547-11-21
4
Colantonio L, Gomez JA, Demarteau N, Standaert B, Pichon-Riviere A, Augustovski F. Cost-effectiveness analysis of a cervical cancer vaccine in five Latin American countries. Vaccine. 2009;27(40):5519-5529. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.097
5
Augustovski F, Irazola V, Velazquez A, Gibbons L, Craig B. Argentine valuation of the EQ-5D health states. Value Health. 2009;12(4):587-596.
6
Dolan P. Modeling valuations for EuroQol health states. Medical Care. 1997;35(11):1095-1108.
7
Zarate V, Kind P, Valenzuela P, Vignau A, Olivares-Tirado P, Munoz A. Social valuation of EQ-5D health states: the Chilean case. Value Health. 2011;14(8):1135-1141. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2011.09.002
8
Galante J, Augustovski F, Colantonio L, et al. Estimation and comparison of EQ-5D health states' utility weights for pneumococcal and human papillomavirus diseases in Argentina, Chile, and the United Kingdom. Value Health. 2011;14(5 suppl 1):S60-S64. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2011.05.007
9
Primera Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo. 1st ed. Buenos Aires: Ministerio de Salud y Ambiente de la Nación; 2006. http://www.msal.gov.ar. Accessed June 29, 2013.
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Fox-Rushby JA, Hanson K. Calculating and presenting disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Policy Plan. 2001;16(3):326-331.
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Stouthard M, Essink-Bot M, Bonsel G, Barendregt J, Kramers P. Disability Weights for Diseases in the Netherlands. Rotterdam: Department of Public Health, Erasmus University; 1997.
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Gandjour A. Drug pricing and control of health expenditures: a comparison between a proportional decision rule and a cost-per-QALY rule. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2015;30(4):395-402. doi:10.1002/hpm.2247
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Hjelmgren J, Berggren F, Andersson F. Health economic guidelines--similarities, differences and some implications. Value Health. 2001;4(3):225-250. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4733.2001.43040.x
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Augustovski F, Garay OU, Pichon-Riviere A, Rubinstein A, Caporale JE. Economic evaluation guidelines in Latin America: a current snapshot. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2010;10(5):525-537. doi:10.1586/erp.10.56
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Briggs AH, Weinstein MC, Fenwick EA, et al. Model parameter estimation and uncertainty: a report of the ISPOR-SMDM Modeling Good Research Practices Task Force--6. Value Health. 2012;15(6):835-842. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2012.04.014
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Arnesen T, Kapiriri L. Can the value choices in DALYs influence global priority-setting? Health Policy. 2004;70(2):137-149. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2003.08.004
23
Arnesen T, Nord E. The value of DALY life: problems with ethics and validity of disability adjusted life years. BMJ. 1999;319(7222):1423-1425.
24
Dimoliatis ID. Standardised QALYs and DALYs are more understandable, avoid misleading units of measurement, and permit comparisons. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58(4):354.
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Richardson G, Manca A. Calculation of quality adjusted life years in the published literature: a review of methodology and transparency. Health Econ. 2004;13(12):1203-1210. doi:10.1002/hec.901
26
Zarate V. DALYs and QALYs in developing countries. Health Aff (Millwood). 2007;26(4):1197-1198.
27
Diel R, Lampenius N. Cost-effectiveness analysis of interventions for tuberculosis control: DALYs versus QALYs. Pharmacoeconomics. 2014;32(7):617-626. doi:10.1007/s40273-014-0159-5
28
Airoldi M, Morton A. Adjusting life for quality or disability: stylistic difference or substantial dispute? Health Econ. 2009;18(11):1237-1247. doi:10.1002/hec.1424
29
Tan-Torres Edejer T, Baltussen R, Adam T, et al. Making Choices in Health: WHO Guide to Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Managing In- and Out-Migration of Health Workforce in Selected Countries in South East Asia Region
Background There is an increasing trend of international migration of health professionals from low- and middle- income countries to high-income countries as well as across middle-income countries. The WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel was created to better address health workforce development and the ethical conduct of international recruitment. This study assessed policies and practices in 4 countries in South East Asia on managing the in- and out-migration of doctors and nurses to see whether the management has been in line with the WHO Global Code and has fostered health workforce development in the region; and draws lessons from these countries. Methods Following the second round of monitoring of the Global Code of Practice, a common protocol was developed for an in-depth analysis of (a) destination country policy instruments to ensure expatriate and local professional quality through licensing and equal practice, (b) source country collaboration to ensure the out-migrating professionals are equally treated by destination country systems. Documents on employment practice for local and expatriate health professionals were also reviewed and synthesized by the country authors, followed by a cross-country thematic analysis. Results Bhutan and the Maldives have limited local health workforce production capacities, while Indonesia and Thailand have sufficient capacities but are at risk of increased out-migration of nurses. All countries have mandatory licensing for local and foreign trained professionals. Legislation and employment rules and procedures are equally applied to domestic and expatriate professionals in all countries. Some countries apply mandatory renewal of professional licenses for local professionals that require continued professional development. Local language proficiency required by destination countries is the main barrier to foreign professionals gaining a license. The size of outmigration is unknown by these 4 countries, except in Indonesia where some formal agreements exist with other governments or private recruiters for which the size of outflows through these mechanisms can be captured. Conclusion Mandatory professional licensing, employment regulations and procedures are equally applied to domestic and foreign trained professionals, though local language requirements can be a barrier in gaining license. Source country policy to protect their out-migrating professionals by ensuring equal conditions of practice by destination countries is hampered by the fact that most out-migrating professionals leave voluntarily and are outside government to government agreements. This requires more international solidarity and collaboration between source and destination countries, for which the WHO Global Code is an essential and useful platform.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3357_cd36eed7940c68ac5f8364df0e5674be.pdf
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Management
In-Migration
Out-Migration
Health Workforce
International
Recruitment
Asia
Viroj
Tangcharoensathien
viroj@ihpp.thaigov.net
1
International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
LEAD_AUTHOR
Phyllida
Travis
travisp@who.int
2
WHO South East Asia Region, Delhi, India
AUTHOR
Achmad Soebagjo
Tancarino
achmad_soebagio@yahoo.co.id
3
Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
AUTHOR
Krisada
Sawaengdee
ksawaengdee@gmail.com
4
International Health Policy Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
AUTHOR
Yanchen
Chhoedon
ychhoedon@health.gov.bt
5
Ministry of Health, Thimphu, Bhutan
AUTHOR
Safeenaz
Hassan
sofeenaz@health.gov.mv
6
Ministry of Health, Malé, Maldives
AUTHOR
Nareerut
Pudpong
nareerut@ha.or.th
7
Healthcare Accreditation Institute (Public Organization), Nonthaburi, Thailand
AUTHOR
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). International migration outlook. PART III: Immigrant Health Workers in OECD Countries in the Broader Context of Highly Skilled Migration. Paris: OECD; 2007.
1
Tangcharoensathien V, Travis P. Accelerate implementation of the WHO Global Code of Practice on International Recruitment of Health Personnel: Experiences From the South East Asia Region: Comment on "Relevance and Effectiveness of the WHO Global Code Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel - Ethical and Systems Perspectives.” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;5(1):43-46. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.161
2
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Health Organization (WHO). Policy brief: International Migration of Health Workers. Improving Internation Co-operation to Address the Global Health Workfoce Crisis. http://www.oecd.org/publications/Policybriefs. Accessed January 15, 2016. Published 2010.
3
Kingma M. Nurses on the Move: A Global Overview. Health Serv Res. 2007;42(3p2):1281-1298. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00711.x
4
The Aspen Institute. Brief 2: Health worker migration in the Middle East. Policy Brief for the Global Policy Advisory Council. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and Health Worker Migration. https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/uploads/files/content/images/GCC%20and%20HWM%20Policy%20Brief.pdf. Accessed February 7, 2017.
5
Hammett D. Physician migration in the global south between Cuba and South Africa. Int Migr. 2014;51(4):41-52. doi:10.1111/imig.12127
6
Yeates N, Pillinger J. Human Resources for Health Migration: global policy responses, initiatives, and emerging issues. Open University, Milton Keynes;2013.
7
World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel. WHA63.16. Geneva: WHO; 2010. http://www.who.int/hrh/migration/code/code_en.pdf?ua=1. Accessed January 15, 2016.
8
Siyam A, Zurn P, Rø C, et al. Monitoring the implementation of the WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91:816-823.
9
World Bank Statistics. World Bank website. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL. Accessed November 20, 2015. Published 2014.
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World Health Organization (WHO). World Health Statistics 2014. Geneva: WHO; 2014.
11
World Health Organization (WHO). The World Health Report 2006: Working Together for Health. Geneva: WHO; 2006.
12
Ministry of Health. Assessment of Health Workforce Education and Training in the Maldives. Male, Republic of Maldives; 2014.
13
Trisnantoro L, Hendrartini J, Susilowati T, et al. A Critical Analysis of Purchasing Arrangements In Indonesia. Asia Pacific Observaotry on health systems and policies; 2015.
14
Setyowati, Ohno S, Hirano Y, Yetti K. Indonesian Nurses’ Challenges for Passing the National Board Examination for Registered Nurse in Japanese: Suggestions for Solutions. Southeast Asian Studies. 2012 49(4):629-642.
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Munir S, Ramos C, Hudtohan E. Benchmarking Nursing Education in Indonesia for Social Development and Global Competitiveness. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences. 2013;10(1):51-65.
16
World Health Organization (WHO). Health workforce 2030: towards a global strategy on human resources for health. Geneva: WHO; 2015.
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World Health Organization (WHO). Transforming and scaling up health professionals’ education and training: World Health Organization guidelines 2013. Geneva: WHO; 2013.
18
World Health Organization (WHO). Increasing access to health workers in remote and rural areas through improved retention: Global policy recommendations. Geneva: WHO; 2010.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Including Health in Environmental Assessments of Major Transport Infrastructure Projects: A Documentary Analysis
Background Transport policy and practice impacts health. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) are regulated public policy mechanisms that can be used to consider the health impacts of major transport projects before they are approved. The way health is considered in these environmental assessments (EAs) is not well known. This research asked: How and to what extent was human health considered in EAs of four major transport projects in Australia. Methods We developed a comprehensive coding framework to analyse the Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) of four transport infrastructure projects: three road and one light rail. The coding framework was designed to capture how health was directly and indirectly included. Results We found that health was partially considered in all four EISs. In the three New South Wales (NSW) projects, but not the one South Australian project, this was influenced by the requirements issued to proponents by the government which directed the content of the EIS. Health was assessed using human health risk assessment (HHRA). We found this to be narrow in focus and revealed a need for a broader social determinants of health approach, using multiple methods. The road assessments emphasised air quality and noise risks, concluding these were minimal or predicted to improve. The South Australian project was the only road project not to include health data explicitly. The light rail EIS considered the health benefits of the project whereas the others focused on risk. Only one project considered mental health, although in less detail than air quality or noise. Conclusion Our findings suggest EIAs lag behind the known evidence linking transport infrastructure to health. If health is to be comprehensively included, a more complete model of health is required, as well as a shift away from health risk assessment as the main method used. This needs to be mandatory for all significant developments. We also found that considering health only at the EIA stage may be a significant limitation, and there is a need for health issues to be considered when earlier, fundamental decisions about the project are being made.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3359_de4616724dbf6fb4864442647b012742.pdf
2018-02-01
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10.15171/ijhpm.2017.55
Health
Transport
Infrastructure
Environmental Assessment (EA)
Content Analysis
Emily
Riley
emily.riley@sydney.edu.au
1
Menzies Centre for Health Policy, Sydney, NSW, Australia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Patrick
Harris
patrick.harris@unsw.edu.au
2
Menzies Centre for Health Policy, Sydney, NSW, Australia
AUTHOR
Jennifer
Kent
jennifer.kent@sydney.edu.au
3
Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Design, and Planning, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
AUTHOR
Peter
Sainsbury
peter.sainsbury@sswahs.nsw.gov.au
4
Population Health, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
AUTHOR
Anna
Lane
lanea0033@gmail.com
5
Southgate Institute for Health, Society, and Equity, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
AUTHOR
Fran
Baum
fran.baum@adelaide.edu.au
6
Southgate Institute for Health, Society, and Equity, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
AUTHOR
Giles-Corti B, Vernez-Moudon A, Reis R, et al. City planning and population health: a global challenge. Lancet. 2016;388(10062):2912-2924. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30066-6
1
Cohen JM, Boniface S, Watkins S. Health implications of transport planning, development and operations. J Transp Health.2014;1(1):63-72. Doi:10.1016/j.jth.2013.12.004
2
Sallis JF, Bull F, Burdett R, et al. Use of science to guide city planning policy and practice: how to achieve healthy and sustainable future cities. Lancet. 2016;388(10062):2936-2947.DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30068-X
3
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5
Morgan RK. Environmental impact assessment: the state of the art. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal. 2012;30(1):5-14. doi:10.1080/14615517.2012.661557
6
Harris P, Viliani F, Spickett J. Assessing health impacts within environmental impact assessments: an opportunity for public health globally which must not remain missed. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(1):1044-1049. Doi:10.3390/ijerph120101044
7
Morgan RK. Environmental Impact Assessment: a methodological perspective. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1998.
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44
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Public Health Policy and Experience of the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic in Pune, India
Background Prior experience and the persisting threat of influenza pandemic indicate the need for global and local preparedness and public health response capacity. The pandemic of 2009 highlighted the importance of such planning and the value of prior efforts at all levels. Our review of the public health response to this pandemic in Pune, India, considers the challenges of integrating global and national strategies in local programmes and lessons learned for influenza pandemic preparedness. Methods Global, national and local pandemic preparedness and response plans have been reviewed. In-depth interviews were undertaken with district health policy-makers and administrators who coordinated the pandemic response in Pune. Results In the absence of a comprehensive district-level pandemic preparedness plan, the response had to be improvised. Media reporting of the influenza pandemic and inaccurate information that was reported at times contributed to anxiety in the general public and to widespread fear and panic. Additional challenges included inadequate public health services and reluctance of private healthcare providers to treat people with flu-like symptoms. Policy-makers developed a response strategy that they referred to as the Pune plan, which relied on powers sanctioned by the Epidemic Act of 1897 and resources made available by the union health ministry, state health department and a government diagnostic laboratory in Pune. Conclusion The World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) global strategy for pandemic control focuses on national planning, but state-level and local experience in a large nation like India shows how national planning may be adapted and implemented. The priority of local experience and requirements does not negate the need for higher level planning. It does, however, indicate the importance of local adaptability as an essential feature of the planning process. Experience and the implicit Pune plan that emerged are relevant for pandemic preparedness and other public health emergencies.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3361_5a21262a5f4025329f5995bf01052de8.pdf
2018-02-01
154
166
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.54
Influenza
H1N1
Pandemic Preparedness Plans
Local-Level Pandemic Response
India
Vidula
Purohit
vidulapurohit@maas.org.in
1
The Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences, Centre for Health Research and Development, Pune, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abhay
Kudale
abhaykudale@maas.org.in
2
The Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences, Centre for Health Research and Development, Pune, India
AUTHOR
Neisha
Sundaram
neisha.sundaram@unibas.ch
3
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
AUTHOR
Saju
Joseph
sajujoseph@maas.org.in
4
The Maharashtra Association of Anthropological Sciences, Centre for Health Research and Development, Pune, India
AUTHOR
Christian
Schaetti
schaetti.ch@gmail.com
5
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
AUTHOR
Mitchell G.
Weiss
mitchell-g.weiss@unibas.ch
6
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
AUTHOR
Mounier-Jack S, Coker R. Pandemic influenza preparedness in the Asia-Pacific Region: An Analysis of Selected National Plans. London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; 2006.
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Sundaram N, Purohit V, Schaetti C, Kudale A, Joseph S, Weiss MG. Community awareness, use and preference for pandemic influenza vaccines in Pune, India. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2015;11(10):2376-2388. doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1062956
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Sundaram N, Schaetti C, Purohit V, Kudale A, Weiss MG. Cultural epidemiology of pandemic influenza in urban and rural Pune, India: a cross-sectional, mixed-methods study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(12):e006350. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006350
46
Kakkar M, Hazarika S, Zodpey S, Reddy KS. Influenza pandemic preparedness and response: A review of legal frameworks in India. http://imsear.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/139267. Accessed January 28, 2016. Published 2010.
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52
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
An Evaluation of the Role of an Intermediate Care Facility in the Continuum of Care in Western Cape, South Africa
Background A comprehensive primary healthcare (PHC) approach requires clear referral and continuity of care pathways. South Africa is a lower-middle income country (LMIC) that lacks data on the role of intermediate care (IC) services in the health system. This study described the model of service provision at one facility in Cape Town, including reason for admission, the mix of services and skills provided and needed, patient satisfaction, patient outcome and articulation with other services across the spectrum of care. Methods A multi-method design was used. Sixty-eight patients were recruited over one month in mid-2011 in a prospective cohort. Patient data were collected from clinical record review and an interviewer-administered questionnaire, administered shortly after admission to assess primary and secondary diagnosis, referring institution, knowledge of and previous use of home based care (HBC) services, reason for admission and demographics. A telephonic questionnaire at 9-weeks post-discharge recorded their vital status, use of HBC post-discharge and their satisfaction with care received. Staff members completed a self-administered questionnaire to describe demographics and skills. Cox regression was used to identify predictors of survival. Results Of the 68 participants, 38% and 24% were referred from a secondary and tertiary hospital, respectively. Stroke (35%) was the most common single reason for admission. The three most common reasons reported why care was better at the IC facility were staff attitude, the presence of physiotherapy and the wound care. Even though most patients reported admission to another health facility in the preceding year, only 13 patients (21%) had ever accessed HBC and only 25% (n = 15) of discharged patients used HBC post-discharge. Of the 57 patients traced on follow-up, 21(37%) had died. The presence of a Care-plan was significantly associated with a 62% lower risk of death (hazard ratio: 0.38; CI 0.15–0.97). Notably, 46% of staff members reported performing roles that were outside their scope of practice and there was a mismatch between what staff reported doing and their actual tasks. Conclusion Clients understood this service as a caring environment primarily responsible for rehabilitation services. A Care-plan beyond admission could significantly reduce mortality. There was poor referral to and poor articulation with HBC services. IC services should be recognised as an integral part of the health system and should be accessible.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3362_f4dce41c179bc008e8a9ca799ed8bf00.pdf
2018-02-01
167
179
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.52
Subacute Care
Intermediate Care (IC)
Step-Down Facilities
Stroke Rehabilitation
Continuity of Care
Care-Plan
Sikhumbuzo A.
Mabunda
s.mabunda@unsw.edu.au
1
Public Health Department, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
LEAD_AUTHOR
Leslie
London
leslie.london@uct.ac.za
2
School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
AUTHOR
David
Pienaar
david.pienaar@westerncape.gov.za
3
Western Cape Department of Health, Cape Town, South Africa
AUTHOR
WHO. Primary health care, report of the international conference on primary health care. Alma-Ata: USSR; 1978:43-48.
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Muldoon LK, Hogg WE, Levitt M. Primary Care (PC) and Primary Health Care (PHC) What is the Difference? Can J Public Health. 2006;97(5):409-411.
3
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Jackson D, Naik R, Tabana H, et al. Quality of home-based rapid HIV testing by community lay counsellors in a rural district of South Africa. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16:18744. doi:10.7448/IAS.16.1.18744.
27
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Chen CC, Heinemann AW, Granger CV. Functional Gains and Therapy Intensity during Subacute Rehabilitation: A study of 20 Facilities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:1514-1523.
30
Solberg BCJ, Dirksen CD, Nieman FHM, van Merode G, Poeze M, Ramsay G. Changes in hospital costs after introducing an intermediate care unit: a comparative observational study. Crit Care. 2008;12(3):R68. doi:10.1186/cc6903
31
Salomon JA, Wang H, Freeman MK, et al. Healthy life expectancy for 187 countries, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012;380(9859):2144-2162. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61690-0
32
Kane RL, Lin WC, Blewett LA. Geographic variation in the use of post-acute care. Health Serv Res. 2002;37(3):667-682.
33
Kane RL, Finch M, Chen Q, Blewett L, Burns R, Moskowitz M. “Post-hospital home health care for medicare patients.” Health Care Financ Rev. 1994;16(1):131-53.
34
Nishiura H. Socioeconomic factors for tuberculosis in Tokyo, Japan-unemployment, overcrowding, poverty, and migrants. Kekkaku. 2003;78(6):419-426.
35
Lehmann U, Sanders D. Community health workers: What do we know about them? The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impact on health outcomes of using community health workers. Evidence and Information for Policy, Department of Human Resources for Health. World Health Organisation; 2007. http://www.who.int/hrh/documents/community_health_workers.pdf.
36
Marshall IJ, Wang Y, McKevitt C, Rudd AG, Wolfe CDA. Trends in risk factor prevalence and management before first stroke: data from the South London Stroke Register 1995-2011. Stroke. 2013;44(7):1809-1816. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000655
37
Connor M, Bryer A. Stroke in South Africa. In: Steyn K, Fourie J, Temple N, eds. Chronic Diseases of Lifestyle in South Africa: 1995-2005. Cape Town: Medical Research Council; 2006:195-203.
38
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39
Cleary S, Birch A, Chimbindi N, Silal S, McIntyre D. Investigating the affordability of key health services in South Africa. Soc Sci Med. 2013;80:37-46. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.11.035
40
Goudge J, Gilson L, Russel S, Gumede T, Mills A. The household costs of health care in rural South Africa with free public primary care and hospital exemptions for the poor. Trop Med Int Health. 2009;14(4):458-467. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02256.x
41
Sunderhaus CG. ABC of Postacute care. Case Manager. 2004;15(6):67-69.
42
McKee M. Routine data: a resource for clinical audit? Quality in Health Care 1993; 2: 104-111.
43
Dealey C, Brindle CT, Black J, et al. Challenges in pressure ulcer prevention. Int Wound J. 2015;12(3):309-312. doi:10.1111/iwj.12107
44
Chou R, Dana T, Bougatsos C, et al. Pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention: a systematic comparative effectiveness review. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(1):28-38. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-1-201307020-00006
45
Wright RE, Rao N, Smith RM, Harvey RF. Risk factors for death and emergency transfer in acute and subacute inpatient rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77:1049-1055.
46
Doherty J, Couper I, Fonn S. Issues in medicine: will clinical associates be effective for South Africa? S Afr Med J. 2012;102(11):833-835.
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Stuart-Clark H, Vorajee N, Zuma S, et al. Twelve-month outcomes of patients admitted to the acute general medical service at Groote Schuur Hospital. S Afr Med J. 2012;102(6):549-553.
48
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Community Psychology as a Process of Citizen Participation in Health Policy; Comment on “The Rise of Post-truth Populism in Pluralist Liberal Democracies: Challenges for Health Policy”
This brief commentary discusses a recent paper by Speed and Mannion that explores “The Rise of post truth populism in liberal democracies: challenges for health policy.” It considers their assertion that through meaningful democratic engagement in health policy, some of the risks brought about by an exclusionary populist politics can be mediated. With an overview of what participation means in modern healthcare policy and implementation, the field of community psychology is presented as one way to engage marginalized groups at risk of exploitation or exclusion by nativist populist policy.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3378_3abdcddff67a5d9b38c4ffbbd793f269.pdf
2018-02-01
180
182
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.72
Populism
Patient and Public Involvement (PPI)
Community Psychology
Participation
Danny
Taggart
dtaggart@essex.ac.uk
1
School of Health and Human Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Speed E, Mannion R. The rise of post-truth populism in pluralist liberal democracies: challenges for health policy. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2017;6(5):249-251. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2017.19
1
Howarth D, ed. Ernesto Laclau: Post-marxism, Populism and Critique. Routledge; 2015.
2
Morone JA, Kilbreth EH. Power to the people? Restoring citizen participation. J Health Polit Policy Law. 2003;28(2-3):271-288.
3
Demil B, Lecocq X. Neither Market nor Hierarchy nor Network: The Emergence of Bazaar Governance. Organ Stud. 2006;27:1447-1466. doi:10.1177/0170840606067250
4
Hall, M. Boris Johnson urges Brits to vote Brexit to “Take back control”. The Express. June 20, 2016. http://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/681706/Boris-Johnson-vote-Brexit-take-back-control. Accessed April 22, 2017.
5
Carter P, Martin G. Challenges facing Healthwatch, a new consumer champion in England. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(4):259-263. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.07
6
Lupton D. The commodification of patient opinion: the digital patient experience economy in the age of big data. Sociol Health Illn. 2014;36(6):856-869. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12109
7
Beresford, P. All our welfare: Towards participatory social policy. UK: Policy Press; 2016.
8
Orford J. Community Psychology: Challenges, Controversies and Emerging Consensus. London: Wiley; 2008.
9
Sedgwick P. Psycho Politics. New York: Harper & Row; 1981.
10
Bronfenbrenner U. The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. London: Harvard University Press; 1979.
11
Burton M, Boyle S, Harris C, Kagan C. Community psychology in Britain. In: Reich S, Riemer M, Prilleltensky I, Montero M, eds. International Community Psychology: History and Theories. New York: Springer; 2007:219-237.
12
Taggart D, McCauley C, Smithhurst S. Community psychology praxis in a Sure Start: The Great Yarmouth Father’s Project. Clin Psycho Forum. 2017;293:46-49.
13
Holland S. From social abuse to social action: A neighbourhood psychotherapy and social action project for women. In: Ussher JM, Nicolson P, eds. Gender Issues in Clinical Psychology. London: Routledge; 1992:68-77.
14
Franks W, Gawn N, Bowden G. Barriers to access to mental health services for migrant workers, refugees and asylum seekers. J Public Ment Health. 2007;6(1):33-41.
15
Garnets LD, D’Augelli AR. Empowering gay and lesbian communities: A call for collaboration with community psychology. Am J Community Psychol. 1994;22:447-470.
16
Hoffman L. Beyond power and control: Toward a “second order” family systems therapy. Fam Syst Med. 1985;4(3):381-396. doi:10.1037/h0089674
17
Freire P. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Penguin: Harmondsworth; 1972.
18
Ledwith M. Community Development: A Critical Approach. Bristol: Policy Press; 2005.
19
Wright B. Consumers or citizens: Whose voice will Healthwatch represent and will it matter? Comment on “Challenges facing Healthwatch: A new consumer champion in England. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(11):667-669. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.84
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
It Takes Two to Tango: Customization and Standardization as Colluding Logics in Healthcare; Comment on “(Re) Making the Procrustean Bed Standardization and Customization as Competing Logics in Healthcare”
The healthcare context is characterized with new developments, technologies, ideas and expectations that are continually reshaping the frontline of care delivery. Mannion and Exworthy identify two key factors driving this complexity, ‘standardization’ and ‘customization,’ and their apparent resulting paradox to be negotiated by healthcare professionals, managers and policy makers. However, while they present a compelling argument an alternative viewpoint exists. An analysis is presented that shows instead of being ‘competing’ logics in healthcare, standardization and customization are long standing ‘colluding’ logics. Mannion and Exworthy’s call for further sustained work to understand this complex, contested space is endorsed, noting that it is critical to inform future debates and service decisions.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3379_7e3dc68d9e180bcefd2a68cff0477953.pdf
2018-02-01
183
185
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.77
Healthcare
Standardization
Customization
David
Greenfield
david.greenfield@utas.edu.au
1
Australian Institute of Health Service Management, University of Tasmania, Sydney, Australia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Kathy
Eljiz
kathy.eljiz@utas.edu.au
2
Australian Institute of Health Service Management, University of Tasmania, Sydney, Australia
AUTHOR
Kerryn
Butler-Henderson
kerryn.butlerhenderson@utas.edu.au
3
Australian Institute of Health Service Management, University of Tasmania, Sydney, Australia
AUTHOR
Greenfield D, Pawsey M, Braithwaite J. Accreditation: a global regulatory mechanism to promote quality and safety. In: Sollecito W, Johnson J, eds. Continuous Quality Improvement in Health Care. 4th ed. New York: Jones and Barlett Learning; 2013:513-531.
1
Mannion R, Exworthy M. (Re) Making the procrustean bed? Standardization and customization as competing logics in healthcare. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2017;6(6):301-304. Doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2017.35
2
Swensen SJ, Meyer GS, Nelson EC, et al. Cottage industry to postindustrial care: the revolution in health care delivery. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(5):e12. DOI:10.1056/NEJMp0911199
3
Kahneman D. Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux; 2011.
4
Wieringa S, Greenhalgh T. 10 years of mindlines: a systematic review and commentary. Implem Sci. 2015;10:45. DOI:10.1186/s13012-015-0229-x
5
LeBlond R, Brown D, Suneja M, Szot F, eds. DeGowin’s Diagnostic Examination. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education; 2015.
6
Science Museum - Brought to life: exploring the history of medicine. Science Museum website. http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/technologies.
7
Greenfield D, Pawsey M, Braithwaite J. The role and impact of accreditation on the healthcare revolution [O papel e o impacto da acreditação na revolução da atenção à saúde]. Acreditação 2012;1(2):64-77.
8
Elwyn G, Quinlan C, Mulley A, Agoritsas T, Vandvik PO, Guyatt G. Trustworthy guidelines – excellent; customized care tools – even better. BMC Med. 2015;13(1):199. DOI:10.1186/s12916-015-0436-y
9
Specalities ABM. ABMS Guide to Medical Specialties 2017. Chicago: ABMS; 2017.
10
Lloyd-Rees J. How emergency nurse practitioners view their role within the emergency department: a qualitative study. Int Emer Nurs.24:46-53. doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2015.06.002
11
Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACSQHC). Credentialling for Health Professionals. 2017. https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/our-work/credentialling/. Accessed June 8, 2017.
12
Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care (ACSQHC). National Standards and Accreditation. 2017. https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/our-work/national-standards-and-accreditation/. Accessed June 8, 2017.
13
Duckett S, Romanes D. Identifying and acting on potentially inappropriate care. Med J Aust. 2015;203(4):e183.
14
Shrivastava SR, Shrivastava PS, Ramasamy J. Exploring the dimensions of doctor-patient relationship in clinical practice in hospital settings. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014;2(4):159-160. DOI:10.15171/ijhpm.2014.40
15
Levin K, Cashore B, Bernstein S, Auld G. Overcoming the tragedy of super wicked problems: constraining our future selves to ameliorate global climate change. Pol Sci. 2012;45(2):123-152.
16
Thornton P, Ocasio W, Lounsbury M. The Institutional Logics Perspective: A New Approach to Culture, Structure and Process. United Kingdom: Oxford Scholarship; 2012.
17
Thornton PH, Ocasio W, Lounsbury M. The Institutional Logics Perspective. In: Scott RA, Buchmann MC. Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2015.
18
Olakivi A, Niska M. Rethinking managerialism in professional work: from competing logics to overlapping discourses. J Prof Organ. 2017;4(1):20-35. doi:10.1093/jpo/jow007
19
Timmermans S, Berg M. Standardization in action: achieving local universality through medical protocols. Soc Stud Sci. 1997;27(2):273-305.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Conceptualization of Value in the Value Proposition of New Health Technologies; Comment on “Providing Value to New Health Technology: The Early Contribution of Entrepreneurs, Investors, and Regulatory Agencies”
Lehoux et al provide a highly valid contribution in conceptualizing value in value propositions for new health technologies and developing an analytic framework that illustrates the interplay between health innovation supply-side logic (the logic of emergence) and demand-side logic (embedding in the healthcare system). This commentary brings forth several considerations on this article. First, a detailed stakeholder analysis provides the necessary premonition of potential hurdles in the development, implementation and dissemination of a new technology. This can be achieved by categorizing potential stakeholder groups on the basis of the potential impact of future technology. Secondly, the conceptualization of value in value propositions of new technologies should not only embrace business/economic and clinical values but also ethical, professional and cultural values, as well as factoring in the notion of usability and acceptance of new technology. As a final note, the commentary emphasises the point that technology should facilitate delivery of care without negatively affecting doctorpatient communications, physical examination skills, and development of clinical knowledge.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3380_9fb291ba1ba83e68c1e823bf96985493.pdf
2018-02-01
186
188
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.75
Conceptualisation of Value
New Technology
Innovations
Stakeholder Analysis
Sandra
Buttigieg
sandra.buttigieg@um.edu.mt
1
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
LEAD_AUTHOR
Joost
Van Hoof
joost.vanhoof@fontys.nl
2
Institute of Allied Health Professions, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
AUTHOR
Lehoux P, Miller FA, Daudelin G, Denis J. Providing value to new health technology: the early contribution of entrepreneurs, investors, and regulatory agencies. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2017; Forthcoming. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2017.11
1
van Hoof J, Rutten PGS, Struck C, Huisman ERCM, Kort HSM. The integrated and evidence-based design of healthcare environments. Archit Eng Des Manag. 2015;11(4):243-263. doi:10.1080/17452007.2014.892471
2
Holtkamp FC, Verkerk MJ, van Hoof J, Wouters EJM. Mapping user activities and user environments during the client intake and examination phase: An exploratory study from the perspective of ankle foot orthosis users. Technol Disabil. 2017;28(4):145-157. doi:10.3233/TAD-160452
3
van Hoof J, Verkerk MJ. Developing an integrated design model incorporating technology philosophy for the design of healthcare environments: a case analysis of facilities for psychogeriatric and psychiatric care in The Netherlands. Technol Soc. 2013;35(1):1-13. doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2012.11.002
4
Peek STM, Wouters EJM, van Hoof J, Luijkx KG, Boeije HR, Vrijhoef HJM. Factors influencing acceptance of technology for aging in place: A systematic review. Int J Med Inform. 2014;83(4):235-248. doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2014.01.004
5
Adams C, Pert A, Ross P, Aziz B. Temporal stakeholder analysis of future technologies: exploring the impact of the ioV. Cutter I Journal. 2015;28(7):24-29.
6
Adams C. A tool for exploring technological evolution and impact within organisations. J Decis Syst. 2009;18(1):75-97. doi:10.3166/jds.18.75-97
7
Bouwhuis DG. A framework for the acceptance of gerontechnology in relation to smart living. In: van Hoof J, Demiris G, Wouters EJM, eds. Handbook of Smart Homes, Health Care and Well-Being. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017:33-51. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01583-5_3
8
Jonas H. Technology and responsibility: reflections on the new tasks of ethics. In: Sandler RL, ed. Ethics and Emerging Technologies. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK; 2014:37-47. doi:10.1057/9781137349088_3.
9
Sandler RL. Introduction: technology and ethics. In: Sandler RL, ed. Ethics and Emerging Technologies. London: Palgrave Macmillan; 2014:1-23. doi:10.1057/9781137349088_1
10
Wouters EJM, Weijers TCM, Nieboer ME. Professional values: the use of technology and the new generation of clinicians. In: van Hoof J, Demiris G, Wouters EJM, eds. Handbook of Smart Homes, Health Care and Well-Being. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2017:147-154. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01583-5_51.
11
Pacey A. Technology: practice and culture. In: Sandler RL, ed. Ethics and Emerging Technologies. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK; 2014:27-36. doi:10.1057/9781137349088_2
12
Moors E, Peine A. Valuing Diagnostic Innovations: Towards Responsible Health Technology Assessment. In: Boenink M, van Lente H, Moors E, eds. Emerging Technologies for Diagnosing Alzheimer’s Disease: Innovating with Care. London: Palgrave Macmillan; 2016:245-261. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-54097-3_13
13
Winner L. Technologies as Forms of Life. In: Sandler RL, ed. Ethics and Emerging Technologies. London: Palgrave Macmillan; 2014:48-60. doi:10.1057/9781137349088_4
14
Lu J. Will medical technology deskill doctors? Int Educ Stud. 2016;9(7):130. doi:10.5539/ies.v9n7p130
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The WHO Tobacco Convention: A New Dawn in the Implementation of International Health Instrument?; Comment on “The Legal Strength of International Health Instruments - What It Brings to Global Health Governance?”
The Tobacco Convention was adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2003. Nikogosian and Kickbusch examine the five potential impacts of the Tobacco Convention and its Protocol on public health. These include the adoption of the Convention would seem to unlock the treaty-making powers of WHO; the impact of the Convention in the global health architecture has been phenomenal globally; the Convention has facilitated the adoption of further instruments to strengthen its implementation at the national level; the Convention has led to the adoption of appropriate legal framework to combat the use of tobacco at the national level and that the impact of the Convention would seem to go beyond public health but has also led to the adoption of the Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco. However, the article by Nikogosian and Kickbusch would seem to overlook some of the challenges that may militate against the effective implementation of international law, including the Tobacco Convention, at the national level.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3382_6be5ee47e4b4f40009f1093eee1dcdcc.pdf
2018-02-01
189
191
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.70
Tobacco Convention
Global Public Health
International Law
Implementation
National Level
Ebenezer
Durojaye
ebenezerdurojaye19@gmail.com
1
Dullah Omar Institute, University of Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
LEAD_AUTHOR
World Health Organisation (WHO). WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. http://www.who.int/fctc/text_download/en. Accessed April 12, 2017. Published 2003.
1
United Nations Treaty Collections. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IX-4&chapter=9&clang=_en. Accessed April 16, 2017.
2
World Health Organisation (WHO). MPOWER: a policy package to reverse the tobacco epidemic. http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_english.pdf. Accessed February 2, 2017.
3
Nikogosian H, Kickbusch H. The legal strength of international health instruments: what it brings to global health governance. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(12):683-685. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.122
4
Gravely S, Giovino GA, Craig L, et al. Implementation of key demand-reduction measures of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and change in smoking prevalence in 126 countries: an association study. Lancet Public Health. 2017;2:e166-e174.
5
Conference of the Parties (COP) to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Impact Assessment of the WHO FCTC: Report by the Expert Group; November 7-12, 2016; Delhi, India.
6
Mackey TK, Liang BA, Pierce JP, Huber L, Bostic C. Call to action: promoting domestic and global tobacco control by ratifying the framework convention on tobacco control in the United States. PLoS Med. 2004;11(5):e1001639. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001639
7
Minister of Health v Treatment Action Campaign and Others. 2002 10 BCLR 1033 (CC). https://www.escr-net.org/caselaw/2006/minister-health-v-treatment-action-campaign-tac-2002-5-sa-721-cc.
8
Chapman A. Human Rights Obligations of Non-state Actors. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006.
9
Decisions of the First Session of the Conference of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva, Switzerland, February 6–17, 2006. Document A/FCTC/COP/1/DIV/8; March 23, 2006, p28. Decision FCTC/COP1(14)—Reporting and exchange of information. http://www.who.int/gb/fctc/PDF/cop1/FCTC_COP1_DIV8-en.pdf.
10
The UN Human Rights Council. The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights for implementing the UN “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Business/A-HRC-17-31_AEV.pdf. Accessed April 17, 2017. Published June 16, 2011.
11
Report on accountability and human rights guidelines for pharmaceutical companies in relation to access to medicines (A/ 63/263). Submitted to the General Assembly on August 11, 2008. http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/human_rights/A63_263.pdf. Accessed April 7, 2017.
12
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Magic Pudding; Comment on “Four Challenges That Global Health Networks Face”
This commentary reflects on the contribution of this editorial and its “Three Challenges That Global Health Networks Face” to the totality of the framework developed over the past decade by Shiffman and his collaborators. It reviews the earlier works to demonstrate that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts in providing a package of tools for analysis of network effectiveness. Additionally the assertion is made that the framework can be utilised in reverse to form a map for action planning for network activity around a potential health policy issue
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3383_5b50a7b5d0bbd64aa2c5ca0d73ef70f3.pdf
2018-02-01
192
194
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.76
Networks
Health Policy
Policy Analysis
Politics
Power
Jill
White
jill.white@sydney.edu.au
1
Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Shiffman J. Four challenges that global health networks face. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2017;6(4):183-189. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2017.14
1
Shiffman J, Smith S. Generation of political priority for global health initiatives: a framework and case study of maternal mortality. Lancet. 2007;370(9595):1370-1379. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61579-7
2
Shiffman J. A social explanation for the rise and fall of global health issues. Bull World Health Organ. 2009;87(8):608-613. doi:10.2471/BLT.08.060749
3
Shiffman J, Quissell K, Schmitz HP, et al. A framework on the emergence and effectiveness of global health networks. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31(suppl 1):3-16. doi:10.1093/heapol/czu046
4
Gebbie KM, Wakefield M, Kerfoot K. Nursing and health policy. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2000;32(3):307-315. doi:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2000.00307.x
5
Taft SH, Nanna KM. What are the sources of health policy that influence nursing practice? Policy Polit Nurs Pract. 2008;9(4):274-287. doi:10.1177/1527154408319287
6
Fyffe T. Nursing shaping and influencing health and social care policy. J Nurs Manag. 2009;17(6):698-706. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2008.00946.x
7
Webber J. Nurses must influence governments and policy: Nursing and Health Policy Perspectives. Int Nurs Rev. 2011;58(2):145-146. doi:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2011.00908.x
8
White J. Through a socio-political lens: The relationship of practice, education, research, and policy to social justice. In: Kagan PN, Smith MC, Chinn PL, eds. Philosophies and Practices of Emancipatory Nursing: Social Justice as Praxis. New York: Routledge; 2014:298-308.
9
White J. Enhancing nursing's influence, effectiveness and impact in national and international health policy development: a five country study. Paper presented at: 11th Biennial Conference of the Global Network of WHO Collaborating Centres for Nursing and Midwifery; July 2016; Glasgow.
10
National Academies IoM, National Academies NAoS. The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health: National Academies Press; 2011.
11
Francis R. Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry Executive summary. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279124/0947.pdf. Published 2013.
12
International Council of Nurses and the World Bank Group. Strengthening Community and Frontline Health Workers for Universal Health Coverage: Event Summary. https://www.twna.org.tw/frontend/un07_international/file/12ICN_WB_Dialogue_Summary_July_2014.pdf. Published 2014.
13
All-Party Parliamentary Group on Global Health. Triple Impact: How developing nursing will improve health, promote gender equality and support economic growth. http://www.who.int/hrh/com-heeg/digital-APPG_triple-impact.pdf?ua=1. Published 2016.
14
United Nations (UN). High-Level Commission on Health Employment and Economic Growth Working for Health and Growth. Geneva: UN; 2016.
15
Shiffman J. Knowledge, moral claims and the exercise of power in global health. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014;3(6):297-299. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2014.120
16
Shiffman J. Global Health as a Field of Power Relations: a Response to Recent Commentaries. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(7):497-499. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.104
17
Brugha R, Varvasovszky Z. Stakeholder analysis: a review. Health Policy Plan. 2000;15(3):239-246. doi:10.1093/heapol/15.3.239
18
Lindsay N. The Magic Pudding. Harper Collins; 1918.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Far Right Challenge; Comment on “The Rise of Post-truth Populism in Pluralist Liberal Democracies: Challenges for Health Policy”
Speed and Mannion make a good case that the rise of populism poses significant challenges for health policy. This commentary suggests that the link between populism and health policy should be further nuanced in four ways. First, a deconstruction of the term populism itself and a focus on the far right dimension of populist politics; second, a focus on the supply side and more specifically the question of nationalism and the ‘national preference’; third, the dynamics of party competition during economic crisis; and fourth the question of policy, and more specifically the extent to which certain labour market policies are able to mediate demand for the far right.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3386_3f481500e7f0e66f5d8845d90b3ac504.pdf
2018-02-01
195
198
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.82
Far Right Parties
Nationalism
Labour Market Policies
Health Policies
Daphne
Halikiopoulou
d.halikiopoulou@reading.ac.uk
1
University of Reading, Reading, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Akkerman A, Mudde C, Zaslove A. How populist are the people? Measuring populist attitudes in voters. Comp Polit Stud. 2013;47(9):1324-1353. Doi:10.1177/0010414013512600
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Jagers J, Walgrave S. Populism as political communication style: an empirical study of political parties' discourse in Belgium. Eur J Polit Res. 2007;46:319-345. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00690.x
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Halikiopoulou D, Vasilopoulou S. Breaching the social contract: crises of democratic representation and patterns of extreme right party support. Government and Opposition. 2016; doi:10.1017/gov.2015.43
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Halikiopoulou D, Vasilopoulou S. Support for the Far Right in the 2014 European Parliament Elections: a comparative perspective. Polit Q. 2014;85(3):285-288.
10
Speed E, Mannion R. The rise of post-truth populism in pluralist liberal democracies: challenges for health policy. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2017;6(5):249-251. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2017.19
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Vasilopoulou S, Halikiopoulou D. The Golden Dawn’s Nationalist Solution: Explaining the Rise of the Far Right in Greece. New York: Palgrave; 2015.
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Vlandas T, Halikiopoulou D. Why far right parties do well at times of crisis: bringing labour marker institutions back in the debate. Working Paper 2016.07. European Trade Union Institute; 2016.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Tackling HIV in MENA: Talk Is Not Enough–It Is Time for Bold Actions: A Response to Recent Commentaries
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3413_cdd514b5e88406a79a00f414dc18a0e0.pdf
2018-02-01
199
200
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.110
HIV
AIDS
Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
Mohammad
Karamouzian
karamouzian.m@gmail.com
1
HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Navid
Madani
navid_madani@dfci.harvard.edu
2
Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
AUTHOR
Fardad
Doroudi
doroudif@unaids.org
3
UNAIDS – The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali Akbar
Haghdoost
ahaghdoost@gmail.com
4
HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Kaplan RL, El Khoury C. The elephants in the room: sex, hiv, and LGBT populations in MENA. intersectionality in Lebanon: Comment on "Improving the quality and quantity of HIV data in the Middle East and North Africa: key challenges and ways forward." Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;6(8):477-479. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.149
1
Modjarrad K, Vermund SH. Ensuring HIV data availability, transparency and integrity in the MENA region: Comment on “Improving the quality and quantity of HIV Data in the Middle East and North Africa: key challenges and ways forward.” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2017; forthcoming. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2017.53
2
Karamouzian M, Madani N, Doroudi F, Haghdoost AA. Improving the quality and quantity of HIV data in the middle East and North Africa: key challenges and ways forward. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;6(2):65-69. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.112
3
Karamouzian M, Foroozanfar Z, Ahmadi A, Haghdoost AA, Vogel J, Zolala F. How sex work becomes an option: experiences of female sex workers in Kerman, Iran. Cult Health Sex. 2016;18(1):58-70. doi:10.1080/13691058.2015.1059487
4
Karamouzian M, Mirzazadeh A, Rawat A, et al. Injection drug use among female sex workers in Iran: Findings from a nationwide bio-behavioural survey. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;44:86-91. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.03.011
5
Karamouzian M, Mirzazadeh A, Shokoohi M, et al. Lifetime abortion of female sex workers in Iran: findings of a National Bio-Behavioural Survey In 2010. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0166042. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166042
6
Shokoohi M, Karamouzian M, Khajekazemi R, et al. Correlates of HIV testing among female sex workers in Iran: findings of a National Bio-Behavioural Surveillance Survey. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0147587. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147587
7
Shokoohi M, Noori A, Karamouzian M, et al. Remaining Gap in HIV Testing Uptake Among Female Sex Workers in Iran. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(8):2401-2411. doi:10.1007/s10461-017-1844-0
8
Bishop BJ, Dzidic PL. Dealing with wicked problems: conducting a causal layered analysis of complex social psychological issues. Am J Community Psychol. 2014;53(1-2):13-24. doi:10.1007/s10464-013-9611-5
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Vallis R, Inayatullah S. Policy metaphors: From the tuberculosis crusade to the obesity apocalypse. Futures. 2016;84:133-144. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2016.04.005
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