Resource Based View of the Firm as a Theoretical Lens on the Organisational Consequences of Quality Improvement 2 2 Evaluating the investment that healthcare organisations make in quality improvement requires knowledge of impact at multiple levels, including patient care, workforce and other organisational resources. The degree to which these resources help organisations to survive and thrive in the challenging contexts in which healthcare is designed and delivered is unknown. Investigating this question from the perspective of the Resource Based View (RBV) of the Firm may provide insights, although is not without challenge. 1 - 113 115 - - Christopher R. Burton School of Healthcare Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK School of Healthcare Sciences, Bangor University, Iran c.burton@bangor.ac.uk - - Jo Rycroft-Malone School of Healthcare Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK School of Healthcare Sciences, Bangor University, Iran j.rycroft-malone@bangor.ac.uk Resource Based View (RBV) Evaluation Quality Improvement 1. Crilly T, Jashapara A, Trenholm S, Peckham A, Currie G, Ferlie E. Knowledge mobilisation in healthcare organisations: Synthesising the evidence and theory using perspectives of organisational form, resource based view of the firm and critical theory. NIHR Health Services and Delivery Research programme; 2013. ##2. Burton CR, Rycroft Malone J, Robert G, Willson A, Hopkins A. Investigating the organisational impacts of quality improvement: a protocol for a realist evaluation of improvement approaches drawing on the Resource Based View of the Firm. BMJ Open 2014; 4. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005650 ##3. 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Knowledge and Attitude of Saudi Health Professions’ Students Regarding Patient’s Bill of Rights 2 2 Background Patient’s rights are worldwide considerations. Saudi Patient’s Bill of Rights (PBR) which was established in 2006 contained 12 items. Lack of knowledge regarding the Saudi PBR limits its implementation in health facilities. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge of health professions’ students at College of Applied Medical Sciences (CAMS) Riyadh Saudi Arabia regarding the existence and content of Saudi PBR as well as their attitude toward its ineffectiveness. Method A 3-parts survey was used to collect data from 239 volunteer students participated in the study. Data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics using SPSS. Results Results showed that although the majority of students (96.7%) believe in the ineffectiveness of patient’s rights, half (52.3%) of them had perceptual knowledge regarding the existence of Saudi PBR and only 7.9% of them were knowledgeable about some items (1–4 items) of the bill. Privacy and confidentiality of patient was the most common known patient’s rights. Students’ academic level was not correlated to neither their knowledge regarding the bill existence or its content nor to their attitude toward the bill. The majority of the students (93%) reported that only one course within their curriculum was patient’s rights-course related. About one quarter (23.4%) of the students reported that teaching staff used to mention patient’s rights in their teaching sessions. Conclusion The Saudi health professions students at CAMS have positive attitude toward the ineffectiveness of patient’s rights nevertheless they showed limited knowledge regarding the existence of Saudi PBR and its contents. CAMS curriculums do not support the subject of patient’s rights. 1 - 117 122 - - Salwa El-Sobkey Department of Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Department of Rehabilitation Health Sciences, Iran salwa-el-sobkey@hotmail.com - - Alyah Almoajel Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Department of Community Health Sciences, Iran aalmoajel1@ksu.edu.sa - - May Al-Muammar Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Department of Community Health Sciences, Iran malmuammar@ksu.edu.sa Patient’s Rights Saudi Patient’s Bill of Rights (PBR) Knowledge Attitude Bioethics Saudi Health Profession Program Curriculum Saudi Health Professions Student Tabei SZ, Azar MR, Mahmoodian F, Mohammadi N, Farhadpour H, Ghahramani Y, et al. Investigation of the Awareness of the Students of Shiraz Dental School Concerning the Patients’ Rights and the Principles of Ethics in Dentistry. J Dent Shiraz Univ Med Scien 2013; 14: 20-4. ##World Health Organization (WHO). Patient rights [internet]. [cited 2013 December 15]. Available from: http://www.who.int/genomics/public/patientrights/en/ ##Mastaneh Z, Mouseli L. Patients’ Awareness of Their Rights: Insight from a Developing Country. Int J Health Policy Manag 2013; 1:143–6. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2013.26 ##Hakan O, Ozgür C, Ergönen AA, Onder M, Meral D. Midwives and nurses awareness of patients’ rights. Midwifery 2009; 25: 756-65. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2008.01.010 ##Ghodsi Z, Hojjatoleslami S. Knowledge of students about Patient Rights and its relationship with some factors in Iran. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 2012; 31: 345. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.065 ##Alghanim SA. Assessing knowledge of the patient bill of rights in central Saudi Arabia: a survey of primary health care providers and recipients. Ann Saudi Med 2012; 32: 151-5. ##Ministry of health portal. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Health tips: Patient’s Bill of Rights and responsibilities [internet]. Available at http://www.moh.gov.sa/en/healthawarness/educationalcontent/healthtips/pages/tips-2011-1-29-001.aspx ##Almoajel AM. Hospitalized patients awareness of their rights in Saudi governmental hospitals. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 2012; 11: 329-35. ##Saleh HA, Khereldeen MM. Physicians’ perception towards patients’ rights in two governmental hospitals in Mecca, KSA. Int J Pure Appl Sci Technol 2013; 17: 37-47. ##Habib FM, Al-Siber HS. Assessment of awareness and source of information of patients’ rights: a cross-sectional survey in Riyadh Saudi Arabia. American Journal of Research Communication 2013; 1: 1-9. ##Ranjbar M, Samiehzargar A, Dehghani A. Evaluation of clinical training of students in teaching hospitals of Yazd Patient Rights. Journal on Medical Ethics, Special Patient Rights 2010; 3: 51-60. ##Alahmad G, Dierickx K. What do Islamic institutional fatwas say about medical and research confidentiality and breach confidentiality? Dev World Bioeth 2012; 12: 104–12. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8847.2012.00329.x ##Peeling RW, Saxena A. Books & Electronic Media. Medical Ethics Manual. Bull World Health Organ 2006; 84:159-160. ##

The Development of a Critical Appraisal Tool for Use in Systematic Reviews: Addressing Questions of Prevalence 2 2 Background Recently there has been a significant increase in the number of systematic reviews addressing questions of prevalence. Key features of a systematic review include the creation of an a priori protocol, clear inclusion criteria, a structured and systematic search process, critical appraisal of studies, and a formal process of data extraction followed by methods to synthesize, or combine, this data. Currently there exists no standard method for conducting critical appraisal of studies in systematic reviews of prevalence data. Methods A working group was created to assess current critical appraisal tools for studies reporting prevalence data and develop a new tool for these studies in systematic reviews of prevalence. Following the development of this tool it was piloted amongst an experienced group of sixteen healthcare researchers. Results The results of the pilot found that this tool was a valid approach to assessing the methodological quality of studies reporting prevalence data to be included in systematic reviews. Participants found the tool acceptable and easy to use. Some comments were provided which helped refine the criteria. Conclusion The results of this pilot study found that this tool was well-accepted by users and further refinements have been made to the tool based on their feedback. We now put forward this tool for use by authors conducting prevalence systematic reviews. 1 - 123 128 - - Zachary Munn The Joanna Briggs Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia The Joanna Briggs Institute, Faculty of Health Iran zachary.munn@adelaide.edu.au - - Sandeep Moola The Joanna Briggs Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia The Joanna Briggs Institute, Faculty of Health Iran sandeep.moola@adelaide.edu.au - - Dagmara Riitano The Joanna Briggs Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia The Joanna Briggs Institute, Faculty of Health Iran dagmara.riitano@adelaide.edu.au - - Karolina Lisy The Joanna Briggs Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia The Joanna Briggs Institute, Faculty of Health Iran karolina.lisy@adelaide.edu.au Prevalence Survey Critical Appraisal Systematic Review Webb P, Bain C, Pirozzo S. Essential epidemiology: an introduction for students and health professionals. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2005. ##Munn Z, Tufanaru C, Aromataris E. Data extraction and synthesis in systematic reviews. Am J Nurs 2014; 114: 49–54. doi: 10.1097/01.naj.0000451683.66447.89 ##The Joanna Briggs Institute. Reviewer’s Manual. Australia: The Joanna Briggs Institute; 2014. ##Pearson A, Robertson-Malt S, Rittenmeyer L. Synthesizing Qualitative Evidence. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. ##Noyes J, Popay J, Pearson A, Hannes K, Booth A. Qualitative research and Cochrane reviews. In: Higgins J, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011. ##Pearson A. Balancing the evidence: incorporating the synthesis of qualitative data into systematic reviews. JBI Reports 2004; 2: 45–64. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-6988.2004.00008.x ##Pearson A, Jordan Z, Munn Z. 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Critical appraisal of a survey. [updated 2014 June 5]. Available from: http://www.cebma.org/wp-content/uploads/Critical-Appraisal-Questions-for-a-Survey.pdf ##Loney PL, Chambers LW, Bennett KJ, Roberts JG, Stratford PW. Critical appraisal of the health research literature: prevalence or incidence of a health problem. Chronic Dis Can 1998; 19: 170–6. ##Vandenbroucke JP, von Elm E, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Mulrow CD, Pocock SJ, et al. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med 2007; 4: e297. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040297 ##National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health (NCCEH). A Primer for Evaluating the Quality of Studies on Environmental Health Critical Appraisal of Cross-Sectional Studies. [updated 2014 June 5]. Available from: http://www.ncceh.ca/sites/default/files/Critical_Appraisal_Cross-Sectional_Studies_Aug_2011.pdf ##Hoy D, Brooks P, Woolf A, Blyth F, March L, Bain C, et al. 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Macroeconomic Policies and Increasing Social-Health Inequality in Iran 2 2 Background Health is a complex phenomenon that can be studied from different approaches. Despite a growing research in the areas of Social Determinants of Health (SDH) and health equity, effects of macroeconomic policies on the social aspect of health are unknown in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the effect of macroeconomic policies on increasing of the social-health inequality in Iran. Methods This study was a mixed method research. The study population consisted of experts dealing with social determinants of health. A purposive, stratified and non-random sampling method was used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect the data along with a multiple attribute decision-making method for the quantitative phase of the research in which the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was employed for prioritization. The NVivo and MATLAB softwares were used for data analysis. Results Seven main themes for the effect of macroeconomic policies on increasing the social-health inequality were identified. The result of TOPSIS approved that the inflation and economic instability exert the greatest impact on social-health inequality, with an index of 0.710 and the government policy in paying the subsidies with a 0.291 index has the lowest impact on social-health inequality in the country. Discussion It is required to invest on the social determinants of health as a priority to reduce health inequality. Also, evaluating the extent to which the future macroeconomic policies impact the health of population is necessary. 1 - 129 134 - - Rouhollah Zaboli Health Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Health Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah Iran rouhollah.zaboli@gmail.com - - Seyed Hesam Seyedin Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Health Management and Economics Research Iran h.seyedin@iums.ac.ir - - Zainab Malmoon Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Health Management and Economics Research Iran r-zaboli@razi.tums.ac.ir Macroeconomic Policies Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Inequality Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) Iran World Health Organization (WHO). 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Analysis of Economic Determinants of Fertility in Iran: A Multilevel Approach 2 2 Background During the last three decades, the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in Iran has fallen considerably; from 6.5 per woman in 1983 to 1.89 in 2010. This paper analyzes the extent to which economic determinants at the micro and macro levels are associated with the number of children in Iranian households. Methods Household data from the 2010 Household Expenditure and Income Survey (HEIS) is linked to provincial data from the 2010 Iran Multiple-Indicator Demographic and Health Survey (IrMIDHS), the National Census of Population and Housing conducted in 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2011, and the 1985–2010 Iran statistical year books. Fertility is measured as the number of children in each household. A random intercept multilevel Poisson regression function is specified based on a collective model of intra-household bargaining power to investigate potential determinants of the number of children in Iranian households. Results Ceteris paribus (other things being equal), probability of having more children drops significantly as either real per capita educational expenditure or real total expenditure of each household increase. Both the low- and the high-income households show probabilities of having more children compared to the middle-income households. Living in provinces with either higher average amount of value added of manufacturing establishments or lower average rate of house rent is associated to higher probability of having larger number of children. Higher levels of gender gap indices, resulting in household’s wife’s limited power over household decision-making, positively affect the probability of having more children. Conclusion Economic determinants at the micro and macro levels, distribution of intra-household bargaining power between spouses and demographic covariates determined fertility behavior of Iranian households. 1 - 135 144 - - Maryam Moeeni Department of Management and Health Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Management and Health Economics, Iran mmoeini1387@gmail.com - - Abolghasem Pourreza Department of Management and Health Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Management and Health Economics, Iran abolghasemp@yahoo.com - - Fatemeh Torabi Department of Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Department of Demography, Faculty of Social Iran fa.torabi@gmail.com - - Hassan Heydari Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Faculty of Management and Economics, Tarbiat Iran hassanheydari78@gmail.com - - Mahmood Mahmoudi Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Iran mahmoodim@tums.ac.ir Fertility Multilevel Analysis Intra-Household Bargaining Power Economic Determinants Iran Cleland JG. 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Interrelation of Preventive Care Benefits and Shared Costs under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) 2 2 With the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), access to insurance and coverage of preventive care services has been expanded. By removing the barrier of shared costs for preventive care, it is expected that an increase in utilization of preventive care services will reduce the cost of chronic diseases. Early detection and treatment is anticipated to be less costly than treatment at full onset of chronic conditions. One concern of early detection of disease is the cost to treat. In reality, the confluence of early detection may result in greater overall expenditures. Even with improved access to preventive care benefits, cost-sharing of other health services remains a major component of insurance plans. In order to treat identified conditions or diseases, cost-sharing comes into play. With the greater adoption of cost-sharing insurance plans, expenditures on the part of enrollee are anticipated to rise. Once the healthcare recipients realize the implication of early identification and resultant treatment costs, enrollment in preventive care may decline. Healthcare legislation and regulation should consider the full spectrum of care and the microeconomic costs associated with preventive treatment. Although the system at large may not realize the immediate impact, behavioral shifts on the part of healthcare consumers may alter healthcare. Rather than the current status quo of treating presenting conditions, preventive treatment is largely anticipated to require more resources and may impact the consumer’s financial capacity. This report will explore how these two concepts are co-dependent, and highlight the need for continued reform. 1 - 145 148 - - Robert Dixon School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, USA School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The Iran dixon@gwu.edu - - Attila Hertelendy School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, USA School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The Iran ahertelendy@gwu.edu Preventive Care Affordable Care Act (ACA) Shared Costs Cost Management Insurance Accessibility Foundation TKF. Summary of the Patient Protection and Affordability Act [internet]. 2013 [updated 2014 June]. Available from: http://www.kff.org/healthreform/8061.cfm ##Healthcare.gov. Preventive Care Benefits [internet]. [updated 2014 June]. Available from: https://www.healthcare.gov/what-are-my-preventive-care-benefits/#part=1 ##HHS.gov/Healthcare. 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Democracy – The Real ‘Ghost’ in the Machine of Global Health Policy; Comment on “A Ghost in the Machine? Politics in Global Health Policy” 2 2 Politics is not the ghost in the machine of global health policy. Conceptually, it makes little sense to argue otherwise, while history is replete with examples of individuals and movements engaging politically in global health policy. Were one looking for ghosts, a more likely candidate would be democracy, which is currently under attack by a new global health technocracy. Civil society movements offer an opportunity to breathe life into a vital, but dying, political component of global health policy. 1 - 149 150 - - Andrew Harmer Global Public Health Unit, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK Global Public Health Unit, University of Iran andrew.harmer@lshtm.ac.uk Democracy Partnerships Civil Society 1. Bruen C, Brugha R. A Ghost in the Machine? Politics in Global Health Policy. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 3: 1–4. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.59 ##2. Ryle G. The Concept of Mind. 1st edition. Chicago: Hutchinson; 1949 ##3. Walt G. Health Policy: An Introduction to Process and Power. Johannesburg: Zed Books: 1996. ##4. Buse K, Walt G, Mays N. Making Health Policy. 2nd edition. Maidenhead: Open University Press; 2012 ##5. MMI 2014 Statement by Medicus Mundi International to the 67th session of the World Health Assembly on agenda item 11.3, Non State Actors [internet]. Available from: http://www.medicusmundi.org/en/topics/pnfp-sector-and-global-health-initiatives/who-reform/mmi.pdf ##6. IBFAN 2014 Statement by the International Baby Food Action Network to the 67th session of the World Health Assembly on agenda item 11.3, Non State Actors [internet]. http://www.medicusmundi.org/en/topics/pnfp-sector-and-global-health-initiatives/who-reform/ibfan.pdf ##7. Birn AE. Making it Politic(al): closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity Through Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Social Medicine 2009; 4: 166–82. ##8. Richter J. WHO Reform and Public Interest Safeguards: An Historical Perspective. Social Medicine 2012; 6: 141–50. ##9. Berger JM, Kapczynski A. The Story of the TAC Case: The Potential and Limits of Socio-Economic Rights Litigation in South Africa (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 1323522). Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network; 2009. ##10. Gray DM. Fire in the Blood, Directed by Dylan Mohan Gray. Dartmouth Films and Films Transit; 2014. ##11. Ostergard RL. The Political Economy of the South Africa–United States Patent Dispute. J World Intellect Prop 2005; 2: 875–88. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-1796.1999.tb00097.x ##12. Cometto G, Ooms G, Starrs A, Zeitz P. Towards a global fund for the health MDGs? Lancet 2009; 374: 1146. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61740-2 ##13. Held D. Models of Democracy. 2nd Edition. Cambridge: Polity Press, Blackwell Publishers; 1996. ##14. Feig C. Setting the Record Straight on WHO Funding [internet]. Foreign Affairs, 2011 November 18. Available from: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/136687/christy-feig-and-sonia-shah/setting-the-record-straight-on-who-funding ##15. Harmer A. Who’s funding WHO? [internet]. 2012. Available from: http://www.globalhealthpolicy.net/?p=826 ##16. Costello A, Montgomery H, Watts N. Climate change: the challenge for healthcare professionals. BMJ 2013; 347: f6060. doi:10.1136/bmj.f6060##

A Spanner in the Works? Anti-Politics in Global Health Policy; Comment on “A Ghost in the Machine? Politics in Global Health Policy” 2 2 The formulation of global health policy is political; and all institutions operating in the global health landscape are political. This is because policies and institutions inevitably represent certain values, reflect particular ideologies, and preferentially serve some interests over others. This may be expressed explicitly and consciously; or implicitly and unconsciously. But it’s important to recognise the social and political dimension of global health policy. In some instances however, the politics of global health policy may be actively denied or obscured. This has been described in the development studies literature as a form of ‘anti-politics’. In this article we describe four forms of anti-politics and consider their application to the global health sector. 1 - 151 153 - - David McCoy Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Queen Mary University, London, UK Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Iran d.mccoy@qmul.ac.uk - - Guddi Singh National Health Service and Medact, London, UK National Health Service and Medact, London, Iran singhguddi123@gmail.com Global Health Policy Global Health Governance Politics Anti-Politics Bruen C, Brugha R. A Ghost in the Machine? Politics in Global Health Policy. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 3: 1–4. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.59 ##Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Interview: Richard Feachem. 2005 8 Dec [cited 2014 May]. Foreign Policy. Available from: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/feachem.html ##Li T. The Will to Improve: Governmentality, Development, and the Practice of Politics. Durham: Duke University Press; 2007. ##Ferguson J. The Anti-Politics Machine: 'development', depoliticization and bureaucratic power in Lesotho. Minneapolis, Cambridge: University of Minneapolis Press, Cambridge University Press; 1990. ##Mosse D. Cultivating Development. An Ethnography of Aid Policy and Practice. London: Pluto Press; 2005. ##Bebbington A. Donor–NGO Relations and Representations of Livelihood in Nongovernmental Aid Chains. World Development 2005; 33: 937–50. ##Schedler A. Introduction. In Schedler A, editor. The End of Politics? Explorations into Modern Antipolitics. New York: Macmillan; 1997. p. 1–20 ##McCoy D, Jensen N, Kranzer K, Ferrand RA, Korenromp EL. Methodological and Policy Limitations of Quantifying the Saving of Lives: A Case Study of the Global Fund’s Approach. PLoS Med 2013; 10: e1001522. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001522 ##

Prevention under the Affordable Care Act (ACA): Has the ACA Overpromised and under Delivered?; Comment on “Interrelation of Preventive Care Benefits and Shared Costs under the Affordable Care Act (ACA)” 2 2 This policy brief discusses preventive care benefits and cost-sharing included in health insurance provisions of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) legislation and highlights some consequences to Americans and the country in terms of healthcare costs and value. 1 - 155 156 - - Carol Molinari Health Systems Management, School of Health and Human Services, University of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA Health Systems Management, School of Health Iran cmolinari@ubalt.edu Consumer Cost-Sharing Value-Based Cost-Sharing Healthcare Costs and Benefits Affordable Care Act (ACA) US Healthcare Reform Dixon RB, Hertelendy AJ. Interrelation of preventive care benefits and shared costs under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 3: x–x. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.76 ##Cherkin D, Grothaus L, Wagner E. The Effect of office visit copayments on utilization in a health maintenance organization. Med Care 1989; 27: 1036-45. doi: 10.1097/00005650-198911000-00005 ##Baicker K, Goldman D. Patient cost-sharing and health care spending. J Econ Perspect 2011; 25: 47-68. doi: 10.1257/jep.25.2.47 ##Chandra A, Gruber J, McKnight R. Patient costs sharing and hospitalization offsets in the elderly. Am Econ Rev 2010; 100: 193-213. doi: 10.1257/aer.100.1.193 ##Chernow M, DeCicca P, Town R. Managed care and medical expenditures of medicare beneficiaries. J Health Econ 2008; 27: 1451-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2008.07.014 ##

Politics Matters: A Response to Recent Commentaries 2 2 1 - 157 158 - - Ruairí Brugha Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland Division of Population Health Sciences, Royal Iran rbrugha@rcsi.ie - - Carlos Bruen Department of Epidemiology & Public Health Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland Department of Epidemiology & Public Health Iran carlos.bruen@gmail.com Global Health Politics Health Policy McCoy D, Singh G. A spanner in the works? anti-politics in global health policy; Comment on “A ghost in the machine? politics in global health policy”. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 3: x–x. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.77 ##Bruen C, Brugha R. A Ghost in the Machine? Politics in Global Health Policy. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014, 3: 1-4. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.59 ##Kevany S. Global health diplomacy: a ‘Deus ex Machina’ for international development and relations; Comment on “A ghost in the machine? politics in global health policy”. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014, 3: 111-2. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.67 ##Harmer A. Democracy – the real ‘ghost’ in the machine of global health policy; Comment on “A ghost in the machine? politics in global health policy”. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 3: 149–150. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.75 ##Farley J. To Cast Out Disease: A History of the International Health Division of Rockefeller Foundation (1913-1951). Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2003. ##Bradley DJ. The particular and the general. Issues of specificity and verticality in the history of malaria control. Parassitologia 1998; 40: 5-10. ##Walt G. Health Policy: An introduction to process and power. Johannesburg and London: Wits University Press and ZED Books; 1994. ##

Earmarking Tobacco Taxes for Health Purposes via Median Entities 2 2 1 - 159 159 - - Michael Igoumenidis National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece National School of Public Health, Athens, Iran migoumen@ppp.uoa.gr - - Kostas Athanasakis National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece National School of Public Health, Athens, Iran kathanasakis@esdy.edu.gr Tobacco Taxation Earmarked Taxes, Fiscal Policies Jamison DT, Summers LH, Alleyne G, Arrow KJ, Berkley S, Binaqwaho A, et al. Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation. Lancet 2013; 382: 1898–955. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62105-4 ##WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, 2003: article 6 [internet]. [cited 2014 August]. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2003/9241591013.pdf?ua=1 ##Chaloupka FJ, Yurekli A, Fong GT. Tobacco taxes as a tobacco control strategy. Tob Control 2012; 21: 172–80. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050417 ##International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Effectiveness of tax and price policies for tobacco control: IARC handbook of cancer prevention, vol. 14. Lyon: IARC; 2011. ##World Health Organization (WHO). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2013: enforcing bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship. Geneva: WHO; 2013. ##WHO Technical Manual on Tobacco Tax Administration 2011 [internet]. [cited 2014 August]. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241563994_eng.pdf ##Crowley GR, Hoffer AJ. The effects of dedicating tax revenues. Mercatus on Policy 109, June 2012 [internet]. [cited 2014 August]. Available from: http://mercatus.org/sites/default/files/The-Effects-Dedicating-Tax-Revenues-Crowley-Hoffer.pdf ##