ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Politics and Analytics of Health Policy
Let us start with an example of health policy analysis in action. Within that category of countries loosely known as ‘the West’, quite basic differences exist in attitudes to health policy and also actual health policy. Comparing the US with mainland Europe and indeed Canada, for example, one perceives a difference in attitude on the part of the majority towards collectivism and individualism in access to, provision of and financing of healthcare. The explanation for policy and system differences—for example, between the US healthcare system(s) and the various NHSs of the UK countries (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland)—is commonly framed in terms of ‘ideology’ but there are also ‘institutional’ explanations (1). Additionally, however, popular attitudes or ‘values’ may be taken as autonomous ‘inputs’ into the explanation (e.g. ‘American values prevent the enactment of an NHS’) or, at least in part, derived from or influenced by institutional reality. If, for example, there is no chance of a bill to establish an NHS or a comprehensive system of public health insurance passing in Washington, then reformers over time trim not only their legislative ambitions, but also their very way of thinking about the issue.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2824_2e7370d4635d4a1890feb58e89ffeb80.pdf
2014-04-01
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Politics
Health Policy
Social Science
Calum R.
Paton
c.paton@hpm.keele.ac.uk
1
School of Public Policy and Professional Practice, Keele University, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. King A . Ideas, institutions and the policies of governments. Br J Polit Sci1973; 3: 291–313.
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2. Paton CR. U.S. Health Politics: Public Policy and Political Theory. Aldershot and New York: Avebury; 1990.
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3. Moran M. Governing the Healthcare State. Manchester: Manchester University Press; 1999.
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5. Cooper Z, Gibbons S, Jones S, McGuire A. Does hospital competition save lives? Evidence from the English NHS. The Economic Journal2011; 121: F228–60. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02449.x
5
6. Greener I. Unpacking the evidence on competition and outcomes in the English NHS. J Health Serv Res Policy2012; 17: 193–4. doi: 10.1258/jhsrp.2012.012032
6
7. Paton CR. The Impact of Market Forces on Health Systems: A Review of Evidence in the 15 European Union Member States. Dublin: European Health Management Association; 2000.
7
8. Marmor T. Fads, Fallacies and Foolishness in Medical Care Policy and Management. New Jersey: World Scientific; 2009. doi: 10.1002/hpm.975
8
9. Hirschman A. Exit, Voice and Loyalty. Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press; 1970. doi: 10.1093/sf/49.3.502-a
9
10. Paton CR. Visible hand or invisible fist? The new market and choice in the English NHS. Health Econ Policy Law2007; 2: 317–25. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174413310700415x
10
11. Paton CR. New Labour’s State of Health: Political Economy, Public Policy and the NHS. Aldershot: Ashgate; 2006. doi: 10.1002/hpm.877
11
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Curse of Wealth – Middle Eastern Countries Need to Address the Rapidly Rising Burden of Diabetes
The energy boom of the last decade has led to rapidly increasing wealth in the Middle East, particularly in the oil and gas-rich Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. This exceptional growth in prosperity has brought with it rapid changes in lifestyles that have resulted in a significant rise in chronic disease. In particular the number of people diagnosed with diabetes has increased dramatically and health system capacity has not kept pace. In this article, we summarize the current literature to illustrate the magnitude of the problem, its causes and its impact on health and point to options how to address it.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2830_26edfff723e17ce7dd957a5b95fc09a9.pdf
2014-04-01
109
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10.15171/ijhpm.2014.33
Diabetes
Obesity
Health-Related Behavior
Metabolic Syndrome
Burden of Disease
Lisa
Klautzer
lklautzer@rand.org
1
Pardee RAND Graduate School, Santa Monica, CA, USA
AUTHOR
Joachim
Becker
becker_joachim@lilly.com
2
Diabetes Strategy - Emerging Markets at Eli Lilly and Company
AUTHOR
Soeren
Mattke
mattke@rand.org
3
RAND Health Advisory Services, RAND Corporation, Boston, MA, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
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3
4. Al-Nesf Y, Kamel M, El-Shazly MK, Makboul GM, Sadek AA, ElSayed AM, et al.Kuwait STEPS 2006. Kuwait Ministry of Health, A‑liated hospitals for tertiary care Patient Primary care Specialist care Lifestyle coaching Equipment for diagnostics and treatment Selfmanagement education Medication management Figure 5.Integrated diabetes care model for free-standing centers GCC, WHO; 2006.
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5. Bener A, Al-Suwaidi J, Al-Jaber K, Al-Marri S, Dagash MH, Elbagi IE. The prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors in a newly developed country. Saudi Med J2004; 25: 918–22.
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6. Kuwait Ministry of Health (MoH). Kuwait Nutrition Surveillance (2001–2004). Food and Nutrition Administration (ed.). Kuwait: Ministry of Health: 2004.
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7. Al-Sendi AM, Shetty P, Musaiger AO. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Bahraini adolescents: a comparison between three different sets of criteria. Eur J Clin Nutr2003; 57: 471–4. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601560
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8. World Health Organization (WHO). The World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva: WHO; 2002.
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9. International Diabetes Foundation (IDF). Diabetes Atlas. 5th edition (updated) [internet]. 2012. Available From: http://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/5E_IDFAtlasPoster_2012_EN.pdf
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10. International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Diabetes Atlas. 6th edition [internet]. 2013. Available from: http://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/EN_6E_Atlas_Full_0.pdf
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11. Habibzadeh F. Diabetes in the Middle East. Lancet2012; 380: 1.12. van Dieren S, Beulens JW, van der Schouw YT, Grobbee DE, Neal B. The global burden of diabetes and its complications: an emerging pandemic. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil2010; 17: S3–8.
11
13. Badran M, Laher I. Type II Diabetes Mellitus in Arabic-Speaking Countries. Int J Endocrinol2012; 2012: 902873. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/902873
12
14. World Health Organization (WHO).Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010. Geneva: WHO; 2011.
13
15. National Commercial Bank (NCB) Capital. GCC Agriculture: Bridging the food gap. Economic Research [internet]. March 2010. Available from: http://www.gulfbase.com/ScheduleReports/GCC_Agriculture_Sector_March2010.pdf
14
16. Yosef AR. Health Beliefs, Practice, and Priorities for Health Care of Arab Muslims in the United States Implications for Nursing Care. J Transcult Nurs 2008; 19: 284–91. doi: 10.1177/1043659608317450
15
17. Alzaid A. Diabetes: A tale of two cultures. Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2012; 12: 57. doi: 10.1177/1474651412444143
16
18. Babineaux S, Miller L, Courtinard C, Toaima D, Tahbaz A, Zagar A, et al. An Epidemiological Study of the Lifestyle and Treatment Changes in Patients With Diabetes Before Initiation of Ramadan Fasting Period. International Diabetes Federation (IDF) 21st World Diabetes Congress; December 4–8, 2011; Dubai, UAE.
17
19. Salti I, Bénard E, Detournay B, Bianchi-Biscay M, Le Brigand C, Voinet C, et al.EPIDIAR study group A population-based study of diabetes and its characteristics during the fasting month of Ramadan in 13 countries: results of the epidemiology of diabetes and Ramadan 1422/2001 (EPIDIAR) study. Diabetes Care2004; 27: 2306–11. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.10.2306
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20. Benjamin K, Donnelly TT. Barriers and facilitators influencing the physical activity of Arabic adults: A literature review. Avicenna 2013; 8: 1–16. doi: 10.5339/avi.2013.8
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21. Meyer BF, Alsmadi O, Wakil S, Al-Rubeaan K. Genetics of type 2 diabetes in Arabs: What we know to date. Int J Diabetes Mellit 2009; 1: 32–4. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdm.2009.03.003
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22. Ahlqvist E, Ahluwalia TS, Groop L. Genetics of type 2 diabetes. Clin Chem 2011; 57: 241–54. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.157016
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23. World Health Organization (WHO). Diabetes: the cost of diabetes [internet]. Undated. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs236/en/#
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24. Williams R, Van Gaal L, Lucioni C. Assessing the impact of complications on the costs of Type II diabetes. Diabetologia2002; 45: S13–7.
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25. Health Authority – Abu Dhabi (HAAD). Weqaya [internet]. 2011. Available from: http://www.who.int/tobacco/mhealth/weqaya.pdf
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26. Al-Maskari F, El-Sadig M, Nagelkerke N. Assessment of the direct medical costs of diabetes mellitus and its complications in the United Arab Emirates. BMC Public Health2010: 10: 679. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-679
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27. Kronfol NM. Delivery of health services in Arab countries: a review. East Mediterr Health J2012; 18: 1229–38.
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28. Makhoul J, El-Barbir F. Obstacles to health in the Arab world. BMJ 2006; 333: 859. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.333.7573.859
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29. Akala FA, El-Saharty S. Public-health challenges in the Middle East and North Africa. Lancet2006; 367: 961–4. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68402-X
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30. Ghannem H. The need for capacity building to prevent chronic diseases in North Africa and the Middle East. East Mediterr Health J2011; 17: 630–2.
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32. The World Bank. World Development Indicators [homepage on the Internet]. [updated 2013 December 18]. Available from: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators
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34. Al-Ahmadi H, Roland M. Quality of primary health care in Saudi Arabia: a comprehensive review. Int J Qual Health Care2006; 17: 331–46. doi: 10.1093/intqhc/mzi046
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35. Alhyas L, McKay A, Balasanthiran A, Majeed A. Quality of type 2 diabetes management in the states of the Co-operation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf: a systematic review. PLoS One2011; 6: e22186. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022186
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36. Mourshed M, Hediger V, Lambert T. Gulf Cooperation Council Health Care: Challenges and Opportunities [internet]. 2008. Available from: http://www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/chapters/2_1.pdf
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39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Enabling Compassionate Health Care: Perils, Prospects and Perspectives
There is an emerging consensus that caring and compassion are under threat in the frenetic environment of modern healthcare. Enabling and sustaining compassionate care requires not only a focus on the needs of the patient, but also on those of the care giver. As such, threats and exhortations to health professionals are likely to have limited and perverse effects and it is to the organisational and system arrangements which support staff that attention should shift. Any approach to supporting compassionate care may work for some services, for some patients and staff, some of the time. No single approach is likely to be a panacea. Unravelling the contexts within which different approaches are effectual will allow for more selective development of support systems and interventions.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2831_681210e399e5eced59b8daf9c9cea8cd.pdf
2014-04-01
115
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10.15171/ijhpm.2014.34
Compassion
Healthcare Quality
Emotional Labour
Russell
Mannion
r.mannion@bham.ac.uk
1
Health Services Management Center, University of Birmingham, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Abraham A. Care and compassion: Report of the health service ombudsman on ten investigations into NHS care of older people, fourth report if the health service commissioner for England; session 2010-2011, HC 778.London: The Stationary Office; 2011.
1
2. Francis R. Report of the Mid Staffordshire Foundation NHS Trust Public Inquiry Volumes 1-3, HC-898-I-III. London: The Stationery Office; 2013.
2
3. Davies H, Mannion R. Will prescriptions for culture change improve the NHS? BMJ2013; 346: f1305. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f1305
3
4. Department of health. Developing the culture of compassionate care: creating a new vision and strategy for nurses, midwives and care givers. London: HSMC; 2012.
4
5. Lown B, Rosen J, Martilla J. An agenda for improving compassionate care: a survey shows about half of patients say such care is missing. Health Aff (Millwood)2011; 30: 1772–8. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0539
5
6. Cornwell J, Goodrich J. Exploring how to enable compassionate care in hospitals to improve patient experience. Nurs Times 2009; 105: 15–23.
6
7. Chochinov J. Dignity and the essence of medicine: the a, b and c and d of dignity conserving care. BMJ2007; 335: 184–7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39244.650926.47
7
8. Dewar B, Nolan M. Caring about caring: developing a model to implement compassionate releationship ceneterd care in an older people care setting. Int J Nurs Stud 2013; 50: 1247–58. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.01.008
8
9. Epstein RM, Franks P, Shields CG, Meldrum SC, Miller KN, Campbell TL, et al. Patient –centered communication and diagnostic testing. Ann Fam Med 2005; 3: 415–21.
9
10. Jacobs R, Mannion R, Davies HTO, Harrison S, Konteh F, Walshe K. The relationship between organizational culture and performance in acute hospitals. Soc Sci Med2013; 76: 115–25. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.10.014
10
11. Mannion R, Davies HTO, Marshall M. Cultural attributes of ‘high’ and ‘low’ performing hospitals. J Health Organ Manag 2005; 19: 431–9. doi: 10.1108/14777260510629689
11
12. Mannion R, Davies HTO, Marshall M. Cultures for Performance in Health Care.London: Open University Press; 2005.
12
13. Sawbridge Y, Hewsion A. Thinking about the emotional labour of nursing – supporting nurses to care. J Health Organ Manag 2013; 27: 127–33. doi: 10.1108/14777261311311834
13
14. Rynes SL, Bartunek JM, Dutton JE, Margolis JD. Care and compassion through an organizational lens: opening up new possibilities. Acad Manageme Rev2012; 37: 503–23. doi: 10.5465/amr.2012.0124
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Determining the Frequency of Defensive Medicine Among General Practitioners in Southeast Iran
Background Defensive medicine prompts physicians not to admit high-risk patients who need intensive care. This phenomenon not only decreases the quality of healthcare services, but also wastes scarce health resources. Defensive medicine occurs in negative and positive forms. Hence, the present study aimed to determine frequency of positive and negative defensive medicine behaviors and their underlying factors among general practitioners in Southeast Iran. Methods The present cross-sectional study was performed among general practitioners in Southeast Iran. 423 subjects participated in the study on a census basis and a questionnaire was used for data collection. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and analytical statistics through SPSS 20. Results The majority of participants were male (58.2%). The mean age of physicians was 40 ± 8.5. The frequency of positive and negative defensive medicine among general practitioners in Southeast Iran was 99.8% and 79.2% respectively. A significant relationship was observed between working experience, being informed of law suits against their colleagues, and committing defensive medicine behavior (P< 0.001). Conclusion The present study indicated high frequency of defensive medicine behavior in the Southeast Iran. So, it calls policy-makers special attention to improve the status quo.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2826_bcee56e040b5c86e73939a85cc3f36bc.pdf
2014-04-01
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Defensive Medicine
General Practitioners
Frequency
Iran
Mahmood
Moosazadeh
mmoosazadeh1351@gmail.com
1
Health Deputy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
Mahtab
Movahednia
mahtabmovahednia@gmail.com
2
Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
AUTHOR
Nima
Movahednia
nimamovahednia@yahoo.com
3
Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammadreza
Amiresmaili
mohammadreza.amiresmaili@gmail.com
4
Research Center for Health Services Management, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Iraj
Aghaei
iraj_8383@yahoo.com
5
Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Studdert DM, Mello MM, Brennan TA. Medical malpractice. N Engl J Med2004; 350: 283–92. doi: 10.1056/NEJMhpr035470
1
2. Thompson MS, King CP. Physician perceptions of medicalmalpractice and efensivemedicine. Eval Program Plann 1984; 7: 95–104.
2
3. Bassett KL, Lyer N, Kazanjian A. Defensive medicine during hospital obstetrical care: a by-product of the technological age. Soc Sci Med 2000; 51: 523–37.
3
dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00494-3
4
4. Nelson LJ, Morrisey MA, Kilgore ML. Damages caps in medical malpractice cases. Milbank Q2007; 85: 259–86. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2007.00486.x
5
5. Sloan FA, Shadle JH. Is there empirical evidence for? Defensive Medicine? A reassessment. J Health Econ 2009; 28: 481–91. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2008.12.006
6
6. Brilla[A1] R, Evers S, Deutschlander A, Wartenberg KE. Are Neurology residents in the United States being taught defensive medicine? Clin Neurol Neurosurg2012; 108: 374–7. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2005.05.013
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7. Tussing A D, Wojtowycz MA. Malpractice, defensive medicine, and obstetric behavior. Med Care1997; 35: 172–91. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199702000-00007
8
8. Moher JC. American Medical Malpractice Litigation in Historical Perspective. JAMA 2000; 283: 1731–7. doi:10.1001/jama.283.13.1731
9
9. Studdert DM, Mello MM, Sage WM, Desroches CM, Peugh J, Zepert K, et al. Defensive medicine among high-risk specialist physicians in a volatile malpractice environment. JAMA2005; 293: 2609–17.
10
10. Hiyama T, Yoshihara M, Tanaka SH, Urabe Y, Ikegami Y, Fukuhara T, et al.Defensive medicine practices among gastroenterologists in Japan. World J Gastroenterol2006; 12: 7671–5.
11
11. Summerton N. Positive and negative factors in defensive medicine: a questionnaire study of general practitioners. BMJ1995; 310: 27–9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6971.27
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12. Rafizadehtabatabaei M, Hajmanoochehry R, Nassajizavareh M. [The survey of prevalence of Malpractice of Medical General inThe complaints referred to Commission on Medico legal in Tehran center from 2003 to 2005 years].SJFM2007; 13: 152–7.
13
13. Catino M. Why do Physicians practice defensive medicine? the side-effects of medical litigation. Safety Science Monitor2011; 15: 1–12.
14
14. Brilla R, Evers S, Deutschlander A, Wartenberg KE. Are Neurology residents in the United States being taught defensive medicine? Clin Neurol Neurosurg2012; 108: 374–7. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2005.05.013
15
15. Kessler D, McClellan M. Do physicians practice defensive medicine? Q J Econ1996; 111: 353–90.
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16. Klingman D, Wagner JL, Polishuk PT, Wolfe L, Corrigan JA. Measuring defensive medicine using clinical scenario surveys. J Health Polit Policy Law 1996; 21: 185–217. doi: 10.1215/03616878-21-2-185
17
17. Kessler D, Sage WM, Becker DJ. Impact of malpractice reforms on the supply of physician services. JAMA2005; 293: 2618–25. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.21.2618
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18. Cunningham W, Dovey S. Defensive changes in medical practice and the complaints process: a qualitative study of New Zealand doctors. N Z Med J 2006; 119: U2283.
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19. Studdert DM, Mello MM, Brennan TA. Defensive medicine and tort reform: a wide view. J Gen Intern Med2010; 25: 380–1. doi: 10.1007/s11606-010-1319-8
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20. Baicker K, Chandra A. Defensive medicine and disappearing physicians. Regulation 2005; 28: 24.
21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Health Sector Reforms and Changes in Prevalence of Untreated Morbidity, Choice of Healthcare Providers among the Poor and Rural Population in India
Background India’s health sector witnessed some major policy changes in 1990s that aimed at making health services more accessible to the population. Methods In this paper, I tried to present some preliminary results of the significant changes that occurred between 1995/6 and 2004, especially in relation to the question of access to healthcare for the poor and rural population using data from 52nd (1995–6) and 60th round (2004) of National Sample Survey Organization on ‘morbidity and healthcare’. Results The analysis suggests that overall utilization of healthcare services have declined and the odds of not seeking care due to financial inability has further increased among the poor and rural population during the period of reforms. Results of the multivariate logit regression model indicate that the non-poor, middle and above educated people were having greater likelihood of using services from private health care provider. Conclusion Interestingly, poor and rural residents were more likely to have used healthcare from public facilities in 2004 than in 1995–6, suggesting that the shift from private to public sector is encouraging, provided they receive good quality health care services at public facilities and do not face catastrophic health expenditures.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2829_367061e7f2bbdf96de5d3bd05caa9258.pdf
2014-04-01
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Untreated Morbidity
Choice of Healthcare
Poor
Rural Population
Health Sector Reforms
Soumitra
Ghosh
soumitra@tiss.edu
1
Centre for Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Health Systems Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Lindelow M. The Utilization of Curative Health Care in Mozambique: Does Income Matter? [internet]. 2003. Available from: http://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/Centre-for-the-Study-of-African-EconomiesSeries/the-utilization-of-curative-health-care-in-mozambiquedoes-income-matter
1
2. Mbatia PN, Bradshaw YW. Responding to Crisis: Patterns of Health Care Utilisation in Central Kenya Amid Economic Decline. Afr Stud Rev2003; 46: 69–92. doi: 10.2307/1514981
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3. Sarma S, Simpson S. A micro-econometric analysis of Canadian health care utilisation. Health Econ2006; 15: 219–39.
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4. Trivedi PK. Patterns of health care utilization in Vietnam: analysis of 1997-98 Vietnam Living Standards Survey Data [internet]. 2002. Available from: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/1813-9450-2775 doi: 10.1596/1813-9450-2775
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5. Mwabu G, Ainsworth M, Nyamete A. Quality of medical care and choice of medical treatment in Kenya: an empirical analysis. J Hum Resour 1993; 28: 838–62. doi: 10.2307/146295
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6. Paul G, Locay L, Sanderson W, Dor A, van der Gaag J. Health Care Financing and the Demand for Medical Care (LSMS Working Paper). Washington, DC: World Bank; 1990.
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7. Government of India. Health Sector Reforms in India: Initiatives from Nine States.New Delhi: Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 2003.
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8. Sen G, Iyer A, George A. Structural Reforms and Health Equity: A Comparison of NSS Surveys, 1986-87 and 1995-96. Econ Polit Wkly2002; 37: 1342–52.
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9. Sekher TV, Bhide S, Islam MN, Das Gupta M. Public Health and Panchayati Raj Institutions in Karnataka. Bangalore: Institute for Social and Economic Change; 2006.
9
10. Mooij J, Dev M. Social sector priorities: an analysis of budgets and expenditures in India in the 1990s. Dev Policy Rev2002; 22: 97–120. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8659.2004.00240.x
10
11. Peters DH, Yazbeck AS, Sharma RR, Ramana GNV, Lant H. Pritchett and Adam Wagstaff. Better Health Systems for India’s Poor: Findings, Analysis and Options. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2002. doi: 10.1596/0-8213-5029-3
11
12. Bhat R. Regulation of the private health sector in India. Int J Health Plann Manage 1996; 11: 253–74. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1751(199607)11:3<253::AID-HPM435>3.0.CO;2-N
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13. National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO). Morbidity and Treatment of Ailments.New Delhi: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation; 1998.
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14. Government of India. Drugs (Prices Control) Order 1995. Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals. Bombay: Organisation of Pharmaceutical Producers of India; 1996.
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15. National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (NCMH). Financing and delivery of health care services in India.New Delhi: Government of India; 2005.
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16. Culyer AJ. Need: The Idea Won’t Do—But We Still Need It. Soc Sci Med 1995; 40: 727–30. Doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(94)00307-F
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17. Culyer AJ, Wagstaff A. Equity and Equality in Health and Health Care. J Health Econ1993; 12: 431–57. doi: 10.1016/0167-6296(93)90004-X
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18. Murray CJL, Chen LC. Understanding morbidity changes. Popul Dev Rev 1992; 18: 481–503.
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19. Ghosh S. Equity in the utilzation of healthcare services in India: evidence from National Sample Survey. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 2: 29–38. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.06
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20. Madhiwala N, Nandraj S, Sinha R. Health of households and women’s lives: study of illness and child bearing among women in Nashik district. Mumbai: Centre for Enquiry into Health and Allied Themes; 2000.
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21. Bhatia J, Cleland J. Determinants of maternal care in a region of India. Health Transit Rev1995; 5: 127–42.
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23. Ghosh S, Arokiasamy P. Emerging patterns of reported morbidity and hospitalisation in West Bengal, India. Glob Public Health 2010; 5: 427–40. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2010.480845
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24. Thakur H, Ghosh S. User-fees in India’s health sector: Can the poor hope for any respite? Artha Vijnana 2009; 51: 139–58.
24
25. Sodani PR, Kumar RK, Srivastava J, Sharma L. Measuring patient satisfaction: a case study to improve quality of care at public health facilities. Indian J Community Med 2010; 35: 52–6. doi: 10.4103/0970-0218.62554
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26. Ghosh S. Catastrophic payments and impoverishment due to out of pocket health spending. Econ Polit Wkly[serial on the internet]. 2011. Available from: http://www.epw.in/special-articles/catastrophic-payments-and-impoverishment-due-out-pockethealth-spending.html doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1658573
26
27. Government of India. National Rural Health Mission Document. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; 2005.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Profile of Patients’ Complaints in a Regional Hospital
Background A hospital should be an institution of understanding and respecting patients’ rights, their families, physicians and other caregivers. Hospitals and all other healthcare centers must be cautious toward respecting ethical aspects of care and treatment. On the other hand, patients’ satisfaction reflects capabilities of physicians and medical staff as well as the extent patients’ rights and treatment quality are observed. Nowadays, complaints handling is considered as an essential component of healthcare system in line with promoting health standards. In the present study, researchers attempt to identify the resources, individuals, complained issues, and measures which are considered to handle these issues in a regional hospital. Methods We employed a descriptive, cross-sectional study to conduct this research. The research population included cases registered at the complaints unit of one of the hospitals in Isfahan in selected months of 2012 to 2013. The data were collected through observation of available documents. Excel software program was used for data analysis. Results Findings indicate that despite a decrease in the total number of complaints, there was an increase in the number of complaints about medical staff. Nursing staff were considered as the second highly complained unit during the study period. Conclusion Results obtained from the present study can be taken as experiences to modify and amend the hospital’s future performance. In general, the existence of complaints in a system is an indication of gaps when providing healthcare services. Creating an organized system to collect complaints and reviewing them helps hospitals to be cognizant of their defects and plan to prevent their reoccurrence.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2832_1a9fcf1acefb36fd7b3fa9e1907386d5.pdf
2014-04-01
131
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10.15171/ijhpm.2014.36
Complaint
Patient’s Rights
Hospitals
Patients’ Satisfaction
Iran
Alireza
Jabbari
jabbaria@mng.mui.ac.ir
1
Health Management and Economics Research Center, School of Management and Medical Information, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Elahe
Khorasani
khorasani.elahe@yahoo.com
2
School of Management and Medical Information, Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Marzie
Jafarian Jazi
jafarian_86@yahoo.com
3
Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Maryam
Mofid
mofid.maryam@yahoo.com
4
Medical Informatics Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Raja
Mardani
raja.ibrahim49@yahoo.com
5
Research Center for Health Services Management, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Fong N. Western Australian Clinical Governance Guidelines. Information series no.1, 2. [internet]. 2005. Available from: http://www.safetyandquality.health.wa.gov.au/docs/clinical_gov/1.2%20Clinical%20Governance%20Guidelines.pdf
1
2. Starey N. What is clinical governance? Hayward Medical Communications2001; 1: 1–9.
2
3. Kalroozi F, Dadgari F, Zareiyan A. Patients’ satisfaction from health care group in patient’s bill of right observance. Journal of Military Medicine2010; 12: 143–8.
3
4. Jolaee S. [Phenomenological explanation of patient rights]. Tehran: Tehran University of Medical Sciences; 2007.
4
5. Rashidian A. [Rule of clinical services at the Tehran University of Medical Sciences]. Tehran: The capital of academic policy development in health systems; 2009.
5
6. Akhlaghi M, Tofighizavare H, Samadi F. Malpractice complaints referred to Medical Commission Legal Medicine Organization in the field of obstetrics and gynecology during the years 2001 and 2002; causes and methods of prevention. Scientific Journal of Forensic Medicine2004; 10: 70–4.
6
7. Joolaee S, Nikbakht-Nasrabadi A, Parsa-Yekta Z, Tschudin V, Mansouri I. An Iranian perspective on patients`rights.Nurse Ethics 2006; 13: 488–502. doi: 10.1191/0969733006nej895oa
7
8. Hedaiati M, Nejadnik M, Setare M. The Factors Affecting the Final Verdict in Medical Errors Complaints. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2012; 29: 1497–1509.
8
9. Hejazi S, Zeinali M, Farokheslamlou H. [Study of Pediatric Malpractice Claims Registered at URMIA Medical Council during 10 Year Period (1995-2005)]. Urmia Medical Journal 2009; 20: 123–30.
9
10. Rafizadeh Tabai Zavareh S, Haj Manoochehri H, Nasaji Zavareh M. Examination of general practitioners’ negligence frequency in complaints filed with Tehran’s Commission of Forensic Medicine from 2003 to 2004. Scientific Journal of Forensic Medicine 2007; 13: 152–7.
10
11. Mirzaaghai F, Moeinfar Z, Eftekhari S, Rashidian A, Sedeghat M. [Reviewing complaints recorded at three hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences and the factors affecting it from April 2007 to February 2008]. Hospital2011; 10: 19–28.
11
12. Sedaghat S. [Review Products]. Razi Journal 2011; 22: 87–90.
12
13. Parsapour A, Bagheri A, Larijani B. [Patient rights in Iran]. Irainian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine2009; 3: 39–47.
13
14. Haghi S, Zare G, Ataran H. Factors affecting the surgical team convicted of malpractice claims and Quality of Investigating the claims of the Medical Council of Mashhad. Scientific Journal of Forensic Medicine2005; 11: 141–5.
14
15. Rangrazjeddi F, Rabiee, R. [Patient’s Bill of Rights in Kashan’s Governmental Hospitals (2003)]. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences2005; 9: 62–71.
15
16. Davati A, Seyad Mortaz SA, Azimi A, Arbab Soleimani S. [A study on the knowledge of general practitioners about the charter of patients’ rights]. Medical Daneshvar2011; 18: 81–8.
16
17. Athar M, Ostad Ali Makhmalbaf M, Davati A. [Study of medical malpractice complaints in the field of dermatology and cosmetic, in the coroner’s Office of Forensic Medicine,province of Tehran, during 2002 to 2010]. Dermatology and Cosmetic 2011; 2: 17–29.
17
18. Jafarian A, Parsapour A, Hajtarkhani AH, Asghari F, Emami Razavi SA, Yalda A. [Survey on Complaints Records in the Medical Council of Tehran in 1991,1996,2001]. Irainian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine 2009; 2: 67–73.
18
19. Entman SS, Glass CA, Hickson GB, Githens PB, WhettenGoldstein K, Sloan FA. The relationship between malpractice claims history and subsequent obstetric care. JAMA 1994; 272: 1588–91.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Quality Assessment of Family Physician Service in Rural Regions, Northeast of Iran in 2012
Background Following the implementation of family physician plan in rural areas, the quantity of provided services has been increased, but what leads on the next topic is the improvement in expected quality of service, as well. The present study aims at determining the gap between patients’ expectation and perception from the quality of services provided by family physicians during the spring and summer of 2012. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in which 480 patients who referred to family physician centers were selected with clustering and simple randomized method. Data were collected through SERVQUAL standard questionnaire and were analyzed with descriptive statistics, using statistical T-test, Kruskal-Wallis, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests by SPSS 16 at a significance level of 0.05. Results The difference between the mean scores of expectation and perception was about -0.93, which is considered as statistically significant difference (P≤ 0.05). Also, the differences in five dimensions of quality were as follows: tangible -1.10, reliability -0.87, responsiveness -1.06, assurance -0.83, and empathy -0.82. Findings showed that there was a significant difference between expectation and perception in five concepts of the provided services (P≤ 0.05). Conclusion There was a gap between the ideal situation and the current situation of family physician quality of services. Our suggestion is maintaining a strong focus on patients, creating a medical practice that would exceed patients’ expectations, providing high-quality healthcare services, and realizing the continuous improvement of all processes. In both tangible and responsive, the gap was greater than the other dimensions. It is recommended that more attention should be paid to the physical appearance of the health center environment and the availability of staff and employees.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2833_e0004e9a92f35f32f303335c3ed3c4da.pdf
2014-04-01
137
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10.15171/ijhpm.2014.35
Expectations and Perceptions
Family Physician
Gap Analysis
Service Quality
Ali
Vafaee-Najar
vafaeea@mums.ac.ir
1
Health Sciences Research Center, Health and Management Department, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Zohreh
Nejatzadegan
z.nejat344@gmail.com
2
Student Research Committee, Health and Management Department, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Arefeh
Pourtaleb
arefehpourtaleb@yahoo.com
3
Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Shahnaz
Kaffashi
shahnaz.kaffashi@gmail.com
4
Department of Health and Management, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Marjan
Vejdani
marjan_vejdani@yahoo.com
5
Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
AUTHOR
Yasamin
Molavi-Taleghani
yasamin_molavi1987@yahoo.com
6
Student Research Committee, Health and Management Department, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Hosein
Ebrahimipour
hebrahimip@gmail.com
7
Health Sciences Research Center, Health and Management Department, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. World Health Organization (WHO). Primary Health Care. report of the international conference on primary health care. Geneva: WHO; 1978.
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2. Khayyati F, Motlagh ME, Kabir M, Kazemeini H, Gharibi F, Jafari N. The role of family physician in case finding, referral, and insurance coverage in the rural areas. Iran J Public Health 2011; 40: 136–9.
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13. Nekoei-Moghadam M, Amiresmaili M. Hospital services quality assessment: hospitals of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, as a tangible example of a developing country.Int J Health Care Qual Assur 2011; 24: 57–66. doi: 10.1108/09526861111098247
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14. Farzady F, Mohammad K, Mafton f, Ghasemi R. [Number of physicians in the country and the possible implementation of the family physician workforce]. Payesh 2010; 8: 415–21.
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15. Suki NM, Lian JC. Do patients’ perceptions exceed their expectations in private healthcare settings? Int J Health Care Qual Assur2011; 24: 42–56. doi: 10.1108/09526861111098238
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16. Arab M, Tabatabaei SG, Rashidian A, Forushani AR, Zarei E. The Effect of Service Quality on Patient loyalty: a Study of Private Hospitals in Tehran, Iran.Iran J Public Health2012; 41: 71–7.
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17. Yousapronpaiboon K, Johnson WC. Out-patient Service Quality Perceptions in Private Thai Hospitals. International Journal of Business and Social Science2013; 4: 57–66.
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19. Peer M, Mpinganjira M. A gap analysis of service expectations and perceptions in private general practice. African Journal of Business Management2012; 6: 297.
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21. Sohail SM. Service quality in hospitals: more favorable than you might think. Managing Service Quality2003; 13: 197–206. doi: 10.1108/09604520310476463
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23. Dean AM. The applicability of SERVQUAL in different health care environments. Health Mark Q1999; 16: 1–21. doi: 10.1300/J026v16n03_01
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24. Van Duong D, Binns CW, Lee AH, Hipgrave DB. Measuring clientperceived quality of maternity services in rural Vietnam.Int J Qual Health Care2004; 16: 447–52.
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25. Jenaabadi H, Abili K, Nastiezaie N, Yaghubi Noor M. [The gap between perception and expectations of patients of quality of treatment centers in Zahedan by using the Servqual model]. Payesh2011 10: 449–57.
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26. Dewi FD, Sudjana G, Oesman YM. Patient satisfaction analysis on service quality of dental health care based on empathy and responsiveness. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2011; 8: 172–7. doi: 10.4103/1735-3327.86032
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27. Bestvater D, Dunn EV, Townsend C, Nelson W. Satisfaction and wait time of patients visiting a family practice clinic. Can Fam Physician1988; 34: 67–70.
27
28. Kaldenberg DO. Patient satisfaction and health status. Health Mark Q2001; 18: 81–101. doi: 10.1300/J026v18n03_07
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29. Szyca R, Rosiek A, Nowakowska U, Leksowski K. Analysis of factors influencing patient satisfaction with hospital treatment at the surgical department. Pol Przegl Chir2012; 84: 136–43. doi: 10.2478/v10035-012-0022-3
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A New Synthesis in Search of Synthesizing Agents; Comment on “A New Synthesis”
In a recent editorial in this journal Pierre-Gerlier Forest foretells a coming revolution in health policy based on the synthesis of four conceptual innovations and one technological breakthrough. As much as I agree with the intellectual story told in this editorial I present a more skeptical view of the effect of paradigm shifts on healthcare systems on the ground. I argue that ideas triumph when times are ripe and times are ripe in health policy when payers and providers can find a compromise between the need to value what providers do and their professional autonomy. I also argue that autonomy is a product of the market: patients value autonomy and prefer doctors to insurers.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2823_ef3a2a5965375c0b82aa236639a5717c.pdf
2014-04-01
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144
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.27
Clinical Governance
Standardization
Professional Autonomy
Paradigm Shift
Agents of Change
Revolution in Healthcare
Michel
Grignon
grignon@mcmaster.ca
1
Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis (CHEPA), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Forest PG. A new synthesis.Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 2: 55–7. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.13
1
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Breaking Gridlock in Health Policy?; Comment on “A New Synthesis”
Pierre-Gerlier Forest has put forward the case that we are on the brink of a revolution in health policy that will be the result of the interplay of five factors. I would not challenge any of them but would emphasize the need to address socio-economic health inequalities, which have the potential to become a major cost driver in a time of growing economic inequality. To Dr. Forest’s list, I would add two important shifts that are taking shape. The first is the development of an outcome focus in healthcare that seeks to measure improvements in individual and population health status. The second is a Copernican revolution in which healthcare providers revolve around the patient. These developments will enable us to answer many questions about resource allocation and return on investment in healthcare, although I still think there will be an outstanding question of how many resources society is willing and able to allocate to healthcare.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2825_4de10a9ae24c390b56bb5e378c084973.pdf
2014-04-01
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147
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.29
Health Outcomes
Health Status
Patient Engagement
Owen
Adams
owen.adams@cma.ca
1
Canadian Medical Association, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Forest PG. A new synthesis. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 2: 55–7. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.13
1
2. Mackenbach JP, Meerding WJ, Kunst AE. Economic costs of health inequalities in the European Union. J Epidemiol Community Health 2011; 65: 412–9. doi: 10.1136/jech.2010.112680
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3. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Crisis squeezes income and puts pressure on inequality and poverty [internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 March 15]. Available from: http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/OECD2013-Inequality-and-Poverty-8p.pdf
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4. Neuhauser D. Florence Nightingale gets no respect: as a statistician that is. Qual Saf Health Care 2003; 12: 317. doi: 10.1136/qhc.12.4.317
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5. Neuhauser D. Ernest Amory Codman, M.D., and end results in medical care. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 1990; 6: 307–25. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266462300000842
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6. Donabedian A. Evaluating the quality of medical care. Milbank Mem Fund Q1966; 44: 166–203. doi: 10.2307/3348969
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7. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care 1992; 30: 473–83.
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8. Kind P, Brooks R, Rabin R. EQ-5D concepts and methods: a developmental history. ordrecht: Springer; 2005. doi: 10.1007/1-4020-3712-0
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9. Health & Social Care Information Centre. Provisional monthly patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) in England - April 2013 to August 2014 [internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 March 12]. Available from: http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB13246
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10. Peters M, Crocker H, Jenkinson C, Doll H, Fitzpatrick R. The routine collection of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for long-term conditions in primary care: a cohort survey. BMJ Open 2014; 4: e003968. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003968
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11. World Development Bank. World development report 1993. Investing in health. New York: Oxford University Press; 1993.
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12. Stine N, Stevens D, Braithwhite RS, Gourevitch MN, Wilson RM. HALE and hearty: toward more meaningful health measurement in the clinical setting. Healthcare 2013; 1: 86–90. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hjdsi.2013.07.003
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13. Kindig DA. Purchasing population health: paying for results. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press; 1997.
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15. Warden J. Patients first. BMJ1991; 303: 1153.
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16. Department of Health. The NHS improvement plan: putting people at the heart of public services. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office; 2004.
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18. National Health Service (NHS). The handbook to the NHS Constitution [internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 March 12]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/choiceintheNHS/Rightsandpledges/NHSConstitution/Documents/2013/handbook-to-the-nhs-constitution.pdf
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19. Morgan B, Wright K. Hospital waiting lists and waiting times. Research paper 99/60. London: House of Commons Library; 1999.
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20. National Health Service (NHS). Referral to treatment (RTT) waiting times, England [internet]. April 2007 to December 2013 [cited 2014 March 12]. Available from: http://www.england.nhs.uk/statistics/statistical-work-areas/rtt-waiting-times/rtt-data-2013-14/
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21. See www.choosingwisely.org
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22. Brody H. Medicine’s ethical responsibility for health care reformthe Top Five list. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 283–5. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp0911423
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23. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Health at a glance 2013: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing; 2013.
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24. Saltman RB, Cahn Z. Restructuring health systems for an era of prolonged austerity: an essay by Richard B Saltman and Zachary Cahn. BMJ2013; 346: f3972. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f3972
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25. Polak J. Regenerative medicine. Opportunities and challenges: a brief overview. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 2010; 7: S777–81. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0362.focus
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Clinical Governance: Costs and Benefits
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2827_68bb1f64d50c5f423c239e7caafe3ebf.pdf
2014-04-01
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10.15171/ijhpm.2014.30
Clinical Governance
Costs
Quality Improvement
Kieran
Walsh
kmwalsh@bmjgroup.com
1
Clinical Director, BMJ Learning, London, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ravaghi H, Heidarpour P, Mohseni M, Rafiei S. Senior managers’ viewpoints toward challenges of implementing clinical governance: a national study in Iran. Int J Health Policy Manag 2013; 1: 295–9. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2013.59
1
Jafari GH, Khalifeh Gari S, Danaie Kh. Hospital Accreditation Standards in Iran.Tehran: Ministry of Health and Medical Education; 2011. p. 1–3.
2
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
From Healthcare to Health: An Update of Norman Daniels’s Approach to Justice
Here is a health policy riddle: despite the fact that we are not always clear as to what we are trying to achieve, even on the most basic level, we must make policy anyway. Odder still: this is as we might expect it to be, and perhaps even as it should be. After all, part of what makes health policy important is precisely the fact that it raises critical questions about our most basic human values and social commitments. The conversation should be fluid. Norman Daniels has long been an important participant in these conversations. Just Health: Meeting Health Needs Fairly—a titular play on his 1985 book, Just Health Care (1)—is Daniels’s attempt to wrestle with contemporary challenges that have forced him to rethink his positions. At its most basic level, then, Just Health can be read as a reminder of the tentativeness of scholarly positions on the core questions of health as well as the importance of being willing to revise both the questions we ask and the positions we take. In Just Health care, Daniels identified six important areas of concern: 1. Adequate nutrition, 2. Sanitary, safe, unpolluted living and working conditions, 3. Exercise, rest, and such important lifestyle features as avoiding substance abuse and practicing safe sex, 4. Preventive, curative, rehabilitative, and compensatory personal medical services (and devices), and 5. Nonmedical personal and social support services (pp. 42–3). Just Health adds a sixth critical component: other social determinants of health. To get to this level, Daniels uses early chapters to establish the “special moral importance of health” as an object of inquiry (Chapter 2), and to look beyond healthcare to a more-inclusive and socially-expansive view of health (Chapter 3). As Daniels notes, “bioethics has not looked ‘upstream’ from the point of delivery of medical services to the role of the healthcare system in improving population health.” As a result, it tends to miss “the distribution of social goods that determine the health of societies”. The point is clear since—in the 21st century—health can no longer be served a la carte; we must think systemically. Hence Daniels’s larger point is that “social justice in general is good for population health and its fair distribution” (p. 82).
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2828_7107e618292d8cbb3c951758268576a2.pdf
2014-04-01
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10.15171/ijhpm.2014.31
Just Health
Social Determinants
Norman Daniels
Daniel
Skinner
skinnerd@ohio.edu
1
Department of Social Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Dublin, OH, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Daniels N.Just Health Care. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1985. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511624971
1
2. Venkatapuram S, Marmot M . Health justice: An argument from the capabilities approach. Cambridge: Polity; 2012.
2
3. Skinner D. Health justice. Crit Public Health2013; 23: 239–41.
3
4. Daniels N. Benchmarks of Fairness for Health Care Reform.New York: Oxford; 1996.
4