ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Have Health Human Resources Become More Equal Between Rural and Urban Areas after the New Reform?
The lack of health human resources is a global issue. China also faces the same issue, in addition to the equity of human resources allocation. With the launch of new healthcare reform of China in 2009, have the issues been improved? Relevant data from China Health Statistical Yearbook and a qualitative study show that the unequal allocation of health human resources is getting worse than before.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2928_1929e17220efa360d096d2ef9805c484.pdf
2014-12-01
359
360
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.129
Equality
China
Health Human Resources
Rural Area
Urban Area
Qian
Yang
chianyoung@zju.edu.cn
1
Center for Health Policy Studies, Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
AUTHOR
Hengjin
Dong
donghj@zju.edu.cn
2
Center for Health Policy Studies, Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
LEAD_AUTHOR
Yip WC, Hsiao WC, Chen W, Hu S, Ma J, Maynard A. Early appraisal of China’s huge and complex health-care reforms. Lancet 2012; 379: 833-42. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61880-1
1
People’s Republic of China. Current major project on health care system reform (2009–2011) [database on the Internet]. 2009. [cited 2014 November 6]. Available from: http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2009-04/07/content_1279256.htm
2
Cometto G, Boerma T, Campbell J, Dare L, Evans T. The Third Global Forum: framing the health workforce agenda for universal health coverage. Lancet Glob Health 2013; 1: 1324-5. doi: 10.1016/s2214-109x(13)70082-2
3
Anand S, Fan VY, Zhang J, Zhang L, Ke Y, Dong Z, et al. China’s human resources for health: quantity, quality, and distribution. Lancet 2008; 372: 1774-81. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61363-x
4
Sheikh K, Ranson MK, Gilson L. Explorations on people centredness in health systems. Health Policy Plan 2014; 29: ii1-5. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czu082
5
Crisp N, Gawanas B, Sharp I. Training the health workforce: scaling up, saving lives. Lancet 2008; 371: 689-91. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60309-8
6
Márquez M. Health-workforce development in the Cuban health system. Lancet 2009; 374: 1574-5. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61919-x
7
Tucker C. WHO: Global health worker shortage to have major impact in next decades. The Nation’s Health 2014; 44: 15.
8
Zhang G. [Analysis and forecasting on the demand for health human resources in China]. Chinese Jouranl of Health Policy 2011; 4: 1-5. [in Chinese]
9
Zhou XD, Li L, Hesketh T. Health system reform in rural China: Voices of healthworkers and service-users. Soc Sci Med 2014; 117: 134-41. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.040
10
Yang Q. The problem and strategy of fist diagnosis in community: psychological study based on grass-roots health workers in urban and rural areas of Zhejiang Province. Symposium of grass-roots health reform in East China; 2014; Hangzhou. [in Chinese]
11
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
On Health Policy and Management (HPAM): Mind the Theory-Policy-Practice Gap
We argue that the field of Health Policy and Management (HPAM) ought to confront the gap between theory, policy, and practice. Although there are perennial efforts to reform healthcare systems, the conceptual barriers are considerable and reflect the theory-policy-practice gap. We highlight four dimensions of the gap: 1) the dominance of microeconomic thinking in health policy analysis and design; 2) the lack of learning from management theory and comparative case studies; 3) the separation of HPAM from the rank and file of healthcare; and 4) the failure to expose medical students to issues of HPAM. We conclude with suggestions for rethinking the field of HPAM by embracing broader perspectives, e.g. ethics, urban health, systems analysis and cross-national analyses of healthcare systems.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2919_39cc81079e4f6a09446da27799778bd2.pdf
2014-12-01
361
363
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.122
Health Policy
Health Management Theory
Medical Education
David
Chinitz
chinitz@cc.huji.ac.il
1
Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
LEAD_AUTHOR
Victor
Rodwin
victor.rodwin@nyu.edu
2
Wagner School of Public Service, New York University, New York, NY, USA
AUTHOR
Weil AR. The winding path to effective policy. Health Aff (Millwood) 2014; 33: 1310. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0799
1
Rittel H, Webber M. Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning. Policy Sci 1973;4: 155-69. doi: 10.1007/bf01405730
2
Porter ME, Lee TH. Why Health Care is Stuck- And How to Fix It [internet]. [updated 2013 Sept 17]. NEMJ/HBR Blog Network. Available from:https://hbr.org/2013/09/why-health-care-is-stuck-and-how-to-fix-it/
3
Chinitz D, Rodwin VG. What passes and fails as health policy and management. J Health Polit Policy Law 2014; 39: 1113-26. doi: 10.1215/03616878-2813719
4
Arrow KJ. Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care. Am Econ Rev 1963; 53: 941–73.
5
Hirschman AO. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Declines in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2013.
6
Dixon J, Chantler C, Billings J. Competition on outcomes and physician leadership are not enough to reform health care. JAMA 2007; 298: 1445-7. doi: 10.1001/jama.298.12.1445
7
Berenson RA, Pronovost PJ, Krumholz HM. Achieving the Potential of Health Care Performance Measures [internet]. Urban Institute. 2013. Available from: http://www.rwjf.org/en/research-publications/find-rwjf-research/2013/05/achieving-the-potential-of-health-care-performance-measures.html
8
Wennberg JE. Dealing with Medical Practice Variations: A Proposal for Action. Health Aff (Millwood) 1984; 3: 6-32. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.3.2.6
9
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Essential Drugs Production in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS): Opportunities and Challenges
The objective of this work is to elucidate various essential drugs in the Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) countries. It discusses the opportunities and challenges of the existing biotech infrastructure and the production of drugs and vaccines in member states of the BRICS. This research is based on a systematic literature review between the years 2000 and 2014 of documents retrieved from the databases Embase, PubMed/Medline, Global Health, and Google Scholar, and the websites of relevant international organizations, research institutions and philanthropic organizations. Findings vary from one member state to another. These include useful comparison between the BRICS countries in terms of pharmaceuticals expenditure versus total health expenditure, local manufacturing of drugs/vaccines using technology and know-how transferred from developed countries, and biotech entrepreneurial collaborations under the umbrella of the BRICS region. This study concludes by providing recommendations to support more of inter collaborations among the BRICS countries as well as between BRICS and many developing countries to shrink drug production costs. In addition, this collaboration would also culminate in reaching out to poor countries that are not able to provide their communities and patients with cost-effective essential medicines.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2917_93957259544ea86037d24ed55bc6d135.pdf
2014-12-01
365
370
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.118
Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS)
Global Health
Influence
Newly Emerging Economies
Zoheir
Ezziane
zezziane@hct.ac.ae
1
Higher Colleges of Technology, Al Ain, UAE
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Harmer A, Xiao Y, Missoni E, Tediosi F. ‘BRICS without straw’? A systematic literature review of newly emerging economies’ influence in global health. Global Health 2013; 9: 15. doi: 10.1186/1744-8603-9-15
1
2. Harmer A, Folayinka D, Lesong C. The BRICS: what is their contribution to global health? A Global Village 2013; 9: 34-7.
2
3. Hau M, Scott J, Hulme D. Beyond the BRICs: alternative strategies of influence in the global politics of development. Eur J Dev Res 2012; 24: 187-204. doi: 10.1057/ejdr.2012.6
3
4. Petrie D, Tang KK. Relative health performance in BRICS over the past 20 years: the winners and losers. Bull World Health Organ 2014; 92: 396-404. doi: 10.2471/blt.13.132480
4
5. World Economic and Financial Surveys. World Economic Outlook Database [internet]. [cited 2013 November 5].Available from: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/index.aspx
5
6. Passarelli C, Pimenta C, Danishevskiy K, Singh S, Yan G, Kaufman J. Shifting paradigm: How the BRICS are reshaping global health and development, Global Health Strategies initiatives (GHSi) [internet]. [cited 2013 October 21].Available from: http://www.eldis.org/go/display&t
6
ype=Document&id=63081#.UhXdGX-Yfo8
7
7. Harmer A, Buse K. The BRICS – a paradigm shift in global health? Contemporary Politics 2014; 20: 127-45. doi: 10.1080/13569775.2014.907988
8
8. Kirton J, Kulik J, Bracht C. Generating global health governance through BRICS summitry. Contemporary Politics 2014; 20: 146-62. doi: 10.1080/13569775.2014.907990
9
9. Rao SG, Thomas D, Zachariah S, Kannan MS, Alvarez-Uria G. Comparison of essential drug list in a rural secondary care hospital in south India with Indian & World Health Organization list 2011. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 56: 375-81.
10
10. Chen W, Tang S, Sun J, Ross-Degnan D, Wagner AK. Availability and use of essential medicines in China: manufacturing, supply, and prescribing in Shandong and Gansu provinces. BMC Health Ser Res 2010; 10: 211. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-10-211
11
11. Kaddar M, Milstien J, Schmitt S. Impact of BRICS’ investment in vaccine development on the global vaccine market. Bull World Health Organ 2014; 92: 436-46. doi: 10.2471/blt.13.133298
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12. Sáenz TW, Souza-Paula MC, Melon CM, Ray M, Thorsteinsdóttir H. Setting a southern course: Brazil’s south-south collaboration in health biotech. In: Thorsteinsdóttir H, editor. South-South Collaboration in Health Biotechnology: Growing Partnerships amongst Developing Countries. Ottawa: IDRC & Academic Foundation; 2012. p. 99-121.
13
13. Chaturvedi S, Thorsteinsdóttir H. BRICS and south-south cooperation in medicine: Emerging trends in research and entrepreneurial collaborations[internet].2012.[cited 2013 July 10]. Available from:http://www.ris.org.in/images/RIS_images/pdf/dp177_pap.pdf
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14. Aly S, Madkour MA, Maram H, Adly N. Learning through collaborations: Egypt’s south-south health biotechnology collaboration. In: Thorsteinsdóttir H, editor. South-south collaboration in health biotechnology: Growing partnerships amongst developing countries. Ottawa: IDRC & Academic Foundation; 2012. p. 153-72.
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15. Access Campaign. MSF calls on BRICS countries to prioritize health and access to medical innovation [internet]. [cited 2014 August 18]. Available from: http://www.msfaccess.org/
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content/msf-calls-brics-countries-prioritize-health-and-access-medical-innovation
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16. Liao, K. BRICS Nations Team to Strengthen Health Sector [internet]. [cited 2014 January 20]. Available from:
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http://www.borgenmagazine.com/ brics-nations-team-strengthen-health-sector/
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17. [No author listed]. Special theme: BRICS and the global health 2014. Bull World Health Organ 2014; 92: 385. doi: 10.2471/BLT.14.000614
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18. Timmermans K. Ensuring access to medicines in 2005 and beyond [internet].[cited 2013 July 25]. Available from: http://www.tansey.org.uk/docs/neg-health-intro.pdf
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19. Rovira, J. Creating and promoting domestic drug manufacturing capacities: A solution for developing countries [internet].2006. [cited 2013 November 25]. Available from: https://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/
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20. Yu P. Access to medicines, BRICS alliances, and collective action. Am J Law Med 2008; 34: 345-94.
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21. Laidi Z. BRICS: Sovereignty power and weakness. Int Politics 2012; 49: 614-32. doi: 10.1057/ip.2012.17
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22. Yu PK. Access to medicines, BRICS alliances, and collective action. Am J Law Med 2008; 34: 345-94.
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23. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Health Observatory (GHO) [internet].[cited 2013 November 25]. Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/countries/bra/en/
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24. Ross C. Building BRICs: Pharma’s key emerging markets are becoming giants [internet].[cited 2013 August 5]. Available from: http://www.pmlive.com
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25. Ernst & Young’s 2012 attractiveness survey in Russia 2012 [internet].[cited 2012 November 5]. Available from: http://emergingmarkets.ey.com/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/09/RAS_2012_2012_09.06_FINAL.pdf
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26. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). Italy funds AIDS project in South Africa [internet].[cited 2013 June 29]. Available from: http://www.manufacturingchemist.com/
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27. MBendi. Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing in South Africa [internet].[cited 2013 November 13]. Available from: http://www.mbendi.com/indy/chem/phrm/af/sa/p0005.htm
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28. Amuasi JH. Technology transfer and local manufacturing of pharmaceuticals: The South African case [internet]. [cited 2013 December 9]. Available from: http://ictsd.org/downloads/2009/12/amuasi-paper-edited.pdf
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29. Maloney C, Segal N. The Growth Potential of the Pharmaceuticals Sector in South Africa. South Africa, Johannesburg: Genesis Analytics (Pty) Ltd; 2007.
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30. Almeida C, Pires de Campos R, Buss P, Ferreira JR, Fonseca LE. Brazil’s conception of south-south “structural cooperation” in health. Global Forum Update on Research for Health 2010;4: 23-32.
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31. Health Cooperation: Brazilian International Health Activities Bulletin [internet].2010. Available from: http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/arquivos/pdf/Boletim_AISA_ING_alta.pdf
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32. Chaudhuri S, Mackintosh M, Mujinja PG. Indian generics producers, access to essential medicines and local production in Africa: an argument with reference to Tanzania. European Journal of Development Research 2010; 22: 451-68. doi: 10.1057/ejdr.2010.27
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33. Serruya SJ, Guimarães R, de Albuquerque IO, Morel CM. Research and innovation in Brazil: The institutional role of the ministry of health. Global Forum Update on Research for Health 2008;5: 24-7.
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35. KPMG. China’s Pharmaceutical Industry – Poised for the giant leap [internet]. [cited 2013 March 15]. Available from: http://www.kpmg.com/
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36. Wassener B. In China, Strong Debut for Supplier of Heparin. The New York Times [serial on the internet.2010. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/07/business/global/07drug.html?_r=0
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37. Jiangsu Hengrui [internet].2013. Available from: http://www.hrs.com.cn/english/
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38. Kresge N. China’s Thirst for New Diabetes Drugs Threatens Bayer’s Lead [internet].2011. Available from: http://www.bloomberg.com/
45
news/2011-11-20/china-s-thirst-for-new-diabetes-drugs-threatens-bayer-s-lead.html
46
39. Techpool [home page on the internet].2013. Available from: http://www.techpool.com.cn/index_en.html
47
40. Frew SE, Kettler HE, Singer PA. The Indian and Chinese Health Biotechnology Industries: Potential Champions Of Global Health? Health Aff (Millwood) 2008; 27: 1029-41. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.27.4.1029
48
41. Burki TK. BRICS nations tackle non-communicable diseases. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 451. doi: 10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70151-1
49
42. Elbeshbishi AN. TRIPS and public health: What should African countries do? ATPC Work in progress No. 49. Addis Ababa: Economic Commission for Africa; 2007.
50
43. Yusuf S, Nabeshima K, Perkins DH. China and India Reshape Global Industrial Geography. In: Winters A, Yusuf S, editors. Dancing with Giants-China, India, and the Global Economy. Washington and Singapore: The World Bank and the Institute of Policy Studies; 2007. p. 35-66.
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44. World Health Organization (WHO). Public health, innovation and intellectual property rights. [internet].2006. Available from: http://www.who.int/intellectualproperty/report/en/
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45. Rao KD, Petrosyan V, Araujo E C, McIntyre D. Progress towards universal health coverage in BRICS: translating economic growth into better health. Bull World Health Organ 2014; 92: 429-35. doi: 10.2471/blt.13.127951
53
46. Zandi L. Technology Transfer and Business Partnerships in BRICS: Development, Integration and Industrialization. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 2014; 5: 284-93. doi: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n7p284
54
47. Littlejohns P. Banking on the BRICS for health? Lancet 2013; 381: 1158. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60781-3
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48. Shamik D. At last, some good news about the world economy. Management Today 2012; 7: 26-7.
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49. Tseng CY. Technological Innovations in the BRIC Economies. Research Technology Management 2009; 52: 29-35.
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50. Council on Health Research for Development (COHRED) and New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). Strengthening pharmaceutical innovation in Africa: Designing strategies for national pharmaceutical innovation: Choice for decision makers and countries [internet].[cited 2013 July 21]. Available from: http://www.policycures.org/downloads/COHRED-NEPAD_Strengthening_Pharmaceutical_Innovation_AfricaREPORT.pdf
58
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Morality and Markets in the NHS
Since its establishment in 1948, the history of the National Health Service (NHS) has been characterized by organisational turbulence and system reform. At the same time, progress in science, medicine and technology throughout the western world have revolutionized the delivery of healthcare. The NHS has become a much loved, if much critiqued, national treasure. It is against this backdrop that the role of this state-funded health service has been brought into moral question. Certainly, the challenges facing healthcare policy-makers are numerous and complex, but in the wake of the Health and Social Care Act (2012), no issue is more divisive than that of market-based reform. Here we explore the turbulent history of the NHS, from its foundation to the birth of the healthcare marketplace. We explore arguments for and against the healthcare market and resolve that, amid an evolving economic and moral framework, the NHS must ensure that its original tenets of equity and autonomy remain at its core. We propose a values-explicit, systems-based approach to renew focus on both the processes and the outcomes of care.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2921_bf419e7bacdf439fade685014bda81f7.pdf
2014-12-01
371
376
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.123
National Health Service (NHS)
Marketplace
Morality
Barnabas
Gilbert
bgilbert@g.harvard.edu
1
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Emma
Clarke
emma.clarke@gtc.ox.ac.uk
2
Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
AUTHOR
Laurence
Leaver
laurenceleaver@hotmail.com
3
Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
AUTHOR
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54
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Factors Affecting Family Physicians’ Drug Prescribing: A Cross-Sectional Study in Khuzestan, Iran
Background Rational prescription is a considerable issue which must be paid more attention to assess the behavior of prescribers. The aim of this study was to examine factors affecting family physicians’ drug prescribing. Methods We carried out a retrospective cross-sectional study in Khuzestan province, Iran in 2011. Nine hundred eighty-six prescriptions of 421 family physicians (including 324 urban and 97 rural family physicians) were selected randomly. A multivariate Poisson regression was used to investigate potential determinants of the number of prescribed drug per patient. Results The mean of medication per patient was 2.6 ± 1.2 items. In the majority (91.9%) of visits a drugs was prescribed. The most frequent dosage forms were tablets, syrups and injection in 30.1%, 26.9%, and 18.7% of cases respectively. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and antibiotics were 29.7% and 17.1% of prescribed drugs respectively. The tablets were the most frequent dosage forms (38.6% of cases) in adult’s patients and syrups were the most frequent dosage forms (49% of cases) in less than 18 years old. Paracetamols were popular form of NSAIDs in two patients groups. The most common prescribed medications were oral form. Conclusion In Khuzestan, the mean of medication per patient was fewer than national average. Approximately, pattern of prescribed drug by family physicians (including dosage form and type of drugs) was similar to other provinces of Iran.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2902_848c9b74a26775dec8554fe781049540.pdf
2014-12-01
377
381
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.103
Drug Prescribing
Family Physician
Primary Care
Khuzestan
Mohammad
Arab
arabmoha@tums.ac.ir
1
Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Amin
Torabi Pour
torabi-a@ajums.ac.ir
2
Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abbas
Rahimifrooshani
rahimifo@sina.tums.ac.ir
3
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Arash
Rashidian
arash.rashidian@gmail.com
4
Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Nayeb
Fadai
amintorabipoor@gmail.com
5
Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Roohollah
Askari
r.asqari@ssu.ac.ir
6
Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Cheraghali AM, Nikfar S, Behmanesh Y, Rahimi V, Habibipour F, Tirdad R, et al. Valuation of availability, accessibility and prescribing pattern of medicines in the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J 2004; 10: 406-15.
1
Takian A, Doshmangir L, Rashidian A. Implementing family physician programme in rural Iran: exploring the role of an existing primary health care network. Fam Pract 2013; 30: 551-9. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmt025
2
Khayati F, Motlagh MA, Kabir MJ, Kazemeini H, Gharibi F, Jafari N. The role of family physician in case finding, referral, and insurance coverage in the rural areas. Iran J Public Health 2011; 40: 136-9.
3
Agenda of rural health insurance and Family physician plan in rural. Ministry of health, Islamic Republic of Iran, version 7.3; Cited 2005.
4
Agenda of Family physician programme and referral system in urban. Ministry of health, Islamic Republic of Iran, version 02. Cited 2012.
5
Stein FS. Family Medicine’s Identity: Being Generalists in a Specialist Culture? Ann Fam Med 2006; 4: 455-9.
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Jaruseviciena J, Levasseu G. The appropriateness of gatekeeping in the provision of reproductive health care for adolescents in Lithuania: the general practice perspective. BMC Fam Pract 2006; 7 16. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-7-16
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Soleymani F, Valadkhani M, Dinarvand R. Challenges and achievements of promoting rational use of drugs in Iran. Iran J Public Health 2009; 38: 166-8.
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World Health Organization (WHO). The selection and use of essential drugs: report of a WHO expert committee. WHO Technical Report Series No. 914. Geneva: WHO; 2003.
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World Health organization (WHO). The rational use of drugs, Report of the Conference of Experts Nairobi, 25- 29 November 1985. Geneva: WHO; 1987.
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Prosser H, Walley T. A qualitative study of GPs’and PCO stakeholders’views on the importance and influence of cost on prescribing. Soc Sci Med 2005; 60: 1335-46.
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Crigger N, Holcomb L. Improving Nurse Practitioner Practice through Rational Prescribing. J Nurse Pract 2008; 4: 120-5. doi: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2007.12.004
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Farrell VM, Hill VL, Hawkins JB, Newman LM, Learned RE Jr. Clinic for identifying and addressing polypharmacy. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2003; 60: 1830.
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Choonara L. Rational prescribing is important in all settings. Arch Dis Child 2013; 98: 720. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2013-304559
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Afifi AA, Kotlerman JB, Ettner SL, Cowan M. Methods for Improving Regression Analysis for Skewed Continuous or Counted Responses. Annu Rew Public Health 2007; 28: 95-111. doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.082206.094100
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Famoye F, Wulu JT, Singh KP. On the Generalized Poisson Regression Model with an Application to Accident Data. J Data Sci 2004; 2: 287-95.
18
Neyaz Y, Qureshi NA, Khoja T & et al. Physicians’ medication prescribing in primary care in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Literature review, part 1: variations in drug prescribing. East Mediterr Health J 2011; 17: 126-31.
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de Bakker DH, Coffie DS, Heerdink ER, van Dijk L, Groenewegen PP. Determinants of the range of drugs prescribed in general practice: a cross-sectional analysis. BMC Health Serv Res 2007; 7: 132. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-7-132
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Muijrers PE, Grol RP, Sijbrandij J, Janknegt R, Knottnerus JA. Differences in prescribing between GPs. Impact of the cooperation with pharmacists and impact of visits from pharmaceutical industry representatives. Fam Pract 2005; 22: 624-30. doi: 10.1093/fampra/cmi074
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Enwere OO, Falade CO, Salako BL. Drug prescribing pattern at the medical outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in southwestern Nigeria. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2007; 16: 1244-9.
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Auditor General for Scotland. Prescribing in general practice in Scotland. 2013. Available from: http://www.audit-scotland.gov.uk/docs/health/2013/nr_130124_gp_prescribing.pdf
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Buusman A, Andersen M, Merrild C, Elverdam B. Factors influencing GPs’ choice between drugs in a therapeutic drug group. A qualitative study. Scand J Prim Health Care 2007; 25: 208-13.
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Ahmad Raza U , Khursheed T, Irfan M, Abbas M, Irfan UM. Prescription patterns of general practitioners in Peshawar, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci 2014; 30: 1-15
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Rahman M, Huq M, Rahman A. Study on the pattern of prescriptions available at rural households in Bangladesh. South East Asia Journal of Public Health 2011; 1: 12-6.
32
Wang H, Li N, Zhu H, Xu S, Lu H, Feng Z. Prescription Pattern and Its Influencing Factors in Chinese County Hospitals: A Retrospective Cross- Sectional Study. PLoS One 2013; 8: e63225. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063225
33
Viktil KK, Blix HS, Moger TA, Reikvam A. Polypharmacy as commonly defined is an indicator of limited value in the assessment of drug-related problems. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 63: 187-95. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02744.x
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Brager R, Sloand E. The Spectrum of Polypharmacy. Nurse Pract 2005; 30: 44-50.
35
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36
Payne RA, Abel GA, Avery AJ, Mercer SW, Roland MO. Is polypharmacy always hazardous? A retrospective cohort analysis using linked electronic health records from primary and secondary care. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 77: 1073-82. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12292
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39
Kumari KI, Chandy SJ, Jeyaseelan L, Kumar R, Suresh S. Antimicrobial prescription patterns for common acute infections in some rural & urban health facilities of India. Indian J Med Res 2008; 128: 165-71.
40
Karande S, Sankhe P, Kulkarni M. Patterns of prescription and drug dispensing. Indian J Pediatr 2005; 72: 117-21.
41
Choi KH, Park SM, Lee JH, Kwon S. Factors Affecting the Prescribing Patterns of Antibiotics and Injections. J Korean Med Sci 2012; 27: 120-7. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.2.120
42
Magzoub MA, Neyaz Y, Khoja T, Qureshi NA, Haycox A, Walley T. Determinants of physicians’ medication prescribing behavior in primary care in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J 2011; 17: 160-6.
43
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Cholecystectomy and Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRGs): Patient Classification and Hospital Reimbursement in 11 European Countries
Background As part of the EuroDRG project, researchers from eleven countries (i.e. Austria, England, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and Spain) compared how their Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRG) systems deal with cholecystectomy patients. The study aims to assist surgeons and national authorities to optimize their DRG systems. Methods National or regional databases were used to identify hospital cases with a procedure of cholecystectomy. DRG classification algorithms and indicators of resource consumption were compared for those DRGs that individually contained at least 1% of cases. Six standardised case vignettes were defined, and quasi prices according to national DRG-based hospital payment systems were ascertained and compared to an index case. Results European DRG systems vary widely: they classify cholecystectomy patients according to different sets of variables into diverging numbers of DRGs (between two DRGs in Austria and Poland to nine DRGs in England). The most complex DRG is valued at four times more resource intensive than the index case in Ireland but only 1.3 times more resource intensive than the index case in Austria. Conclusion Large variations in the classification of cholecystectomy patients raise concerns whether all systems rely on the most appropriate classification variables. Surgeons, hospital managers and national DRG authorities should consider how other countries’ DRG systems classify cholecystectomy patients in order to optimize their DRG systems and to ensure fair and appropriate reimbursement.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2920_1adfaf40fd69e21d1a9feeba435f17a5.pdf
2014-12-01
383
391
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.121
Cholecystectomy
Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRGs)
Europe
Economics
Hospital
Gerli
Paat-Ahi
gerli.paat@gmail.com
1
PRAXIS Centre for Policy Studies, Tallinn, Estonia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ain
Aaviksoo
ain@healthin.ee
2
PRAXIS Centre for Policy Studies, Tallinn, Estonia
AUTHOR
Maria
Świderek
mswiderek@uni.lodz.pl
3
Department of City and Regional Management, Faculty of Management, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
AUTHOR
Liu B, Beral V, Balkwill A, Green J, Sweetland S, Reeves G, et al. Gallbladder disease and use of transdermal versus oral hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2008; 337: a386-a. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a386
1
Khan M, Nordon I, Ghauri A, Ranaboldo C, Carty N. Urgent cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis in a district general hospital – is it feasible? Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2009; 91: 30-4. doi: 10.1308/003588409X359024
2
Lee JA. Taking cover. Lancet Oncol 2004; 5: 516. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(04)01533-5
3
Busse R, Geissler A, Quentin W, Wiley M. Diagnosis-Related Groups in Europe. Buckingham: Open University Press; 2011.
4
Tang P, Hammond E. The Computer-Based Patient Record: An Essential Technology for Health Care, Revised Edition. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 1997.
5
Kimberly J. The Globalization of Managerial Innovation in Health Care. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008.
6
Hovenga EJ, Kidd MR, Garde S, Cassio C. Health Informatics: An Overview. Amsterdam: IOS Press; 2010.
7
Planells Roig M, Cervera Delgado M, Bueno Lledó J, Sanahuja Santaf A, Garcia Espinosa R, Carbó Lopez J. [Surgical Complexity Classification Index (SCCI): a new patient classification system for clinical management of laparoscopic cholecystectomy]. Cir Esp 2008; 84: 37-43. [In Spanish]
8
National Health Service (NHS). The Casemix Service. Leeds, England: The Information Centre for health and social care; 2010.
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Koechlin F, Lorenzoni L, Schreyer P. Comparing Price Levels of Hospital Services Across Countries: Results of Pilot Study. OECD Health Working Papers No. 53. Paris: OECD; 2010.
10
Charlesworth A, Davies A, Dixon J. Reforming payment for healthcare in Europe. Research report: KPMG cutting throught complexity; 2012.
11
Halilovic H, Hasukic S, Matovic E, Imamovic G. Rate of complications and conversions after laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy. Medicinski Arhiv 2011; 65: 336-8.
12
Dumonceau JM, Tringali A, Blero D, Devière J, Laugiers R, Heresbach D, et al. Biliary stenting: indications, choice of stents and results: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) clinical guideline. Endoscopy 2012; 44: 277-98. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1291633
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Quentin W, Scheller-Kreinsen D, Geissler A, Busse R. Appendectomy and diagnosis-related groups (DRGs): patient classification and hospital reimbursement in 11 European countries. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2012; 397: 317-26. doi: 10.1007/s00423-011-0877-5
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Scheller-Kreinsen D, Quentin W, Geissler A, Busse R, Group E. Breast cancer surgery and diagnosis-related groups (DRGs): patient classification and hospital reimbursement in 11 European countries. Breast 2013; 22: 723-32. doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2012.11.001
17
Quentin W, Rätto H, Peltola M, Busse R, Häkkinen U. Acute myocardial infarction and diagnosis-related groups: patient classification and hospital reimbursement in 11 European countries. Eur Heart J 2013: ehs482. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs482
18
Bellanger MM, Quentin W, Tan SS. Childbirth and Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs): patient classification and hospital reimbursement in 11 European countries. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 168: 12-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.12.027
19
Tan SS, Chiarello P, Quentin W. Knee replacement and Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRGs): patient classification and hospital reimbursement in 11 European countries. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2013; 21: 2548-56. doi: 10.1007/s00167-013-2374-6
20
Gaughan J, Kobel C. Coronary artery bypass grafts and diagnosis related groups: patient classification and hospital reimbursement in 10 European countries. Health Econ Rev 2014; 4: 4. doi: 10.1186/s13561-014-0004-8
21
Paat-Ahi G, Świderek M, Sakowski P, Saluse J, Aaviksoo A, EuroDRG group. DRGs in Europe: A cross country analysis for cholecystectomy. Health Econ 2012; 21: 66–76. doi: 10.1002/hec.2833
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25
Chevreul K, Durand-Zaleski I, Bahrami SB, Hernández-Quevedo C, Mladovsky P. France: Health system review. Health Syst Transit 2010; 12: 1-291.
26
Hensen P, Beissert S, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Luger TA, Roeder N, Müller ML. Introduction of diagnosis-related groups in Germany: evaluation of impact on in-patient care in a dermatological setting. Eur J Public Health 2008; 18: 85-91. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckm059
27
Ockenga J, Freudenreich M, Zakonsky R, Norman K, Pirlich M, Lochs H. Nutritional assessment and management in hospitalised patients: Implication for DRG-based reimbursement and health care quality. Clin Nutr 2005; 24: 913-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2005.05.019
28
Märker-Hermann E, Fölsch UR, Weber M. DRG-funding of hospitals and bonus systems for physicians: Stop abberrations provoked by false incentives! Current Concerns 2012; 42: 10.
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Busse R, Schreyögg J, Smith PC. Hospital case payment systems in Europe. Health Care Manag Sci 2006; 9: 211-3.
30
Hornung H, Jauch K, Strauss T. Betriebswirtschaftliche Bedeutung von Komplikationen in der Viszeral- und Thoraxchirurgie im DRG-System (Economic Consequences of Complications in Abdominal and Thoracic Surgery in the German DRG Payment System). Zentralbl Chir 2010; 135: 143-88.
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
‘Only Systems Thinking Can Improve Family Planning Program in Pakistan’: A Descriptive Qualitative Study
Background Family Planning (FP) program in Pakistan has been struggling to achieve the desired indicators. Despite a well-timed initiation of the program in late 50s, fertility decline has been sparingly slow. As a result, rapid population growth is impeding economic development in the country. A high population growth rate, the current fertility rate, a stagnant contraceptive prevalence rate and high unmet need remain challenging targets for population policies and FP programs. To accelerate the pace of FP programs and targets concerned, it is imperative to develop and adopt a holistic approach and strategy for plugging the gaps in various components of the health system: service delivery, information systems, drugs-supplies, technology and logistics, Human Resources (HRs), financing, and governance. Hence, World Health Organization (WHO) health systems building blocks present a practical framework for overall health system strengthening. Methods This descriptive qualitative study, through 23 in-depth interviews, explored the factors related to the health system, and those responsible for a disappointing FP program in Pakistan. Provincial representatives from Population Welfare and Health departments, donor agencies and non-governmental organizations involved with FP programs were included in the study to document the perspective of all stakeholders. Content analysis was done manually to generate nodes, sub-nodes and themes. Results Performance of FP programs is not satisfactory as shown by the indicators, and these programs have not been able to deliver the desired outcomes. Interviewees agreed that inadequate prioritization given to the FP program by successive governments has led to this situation. There are issues with all health system areas, including governance, strategies, funding, financial management, service delivery systems, HRs, technology and logistic systems, and Management Information System (MIS); these have encumbered the pace of success of the program. All stakeholders need to join hands to complement efforts and to capitalize on each other’s strengths, plugging the gaps in all the components of FP programming. Conclusion All WHO health system building blocks are interrelated and need to be strengthened, if the demographic targets are to be achieved. With this approach, the health system shall be capable of delivering fair and responsive FP services.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2922_0c50c9470275bdf35d19b8874bf3df19.pdf
2014-12-01
393
398
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.119
Systems Thinking
Stakeholder Analysis
Family Planning (FP)
Developing Countries
Pakistan
Saira
Zafar
sairazafar333@gmail.com
1
Health Systems & Policy Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Babar
Shaikh
shaikh.babar@gmail.com
2
Health Systems & Policy Department, Health Services Academy, Islamabad, Pakistan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Bongaarts J. Can Family planning programs reduce high desired family size in Sub Saharan Africa? Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health 2011; 37: 209-16.
1
Byrne A, Morgan A, Soto J, Dettrick Z. Context-specific, evidence-based planning for scale-up of family planning services to increase progress to MDG 5: health systems research. Reprod Health 2012; 9: 1-13. doi: 10.1186/1742-4755-9-27
2
Shaikh BT, Azmat SK, Mazhar A. Family planning and contraception in Islamic countries: A critical review of the literature. J Pak Med Assoc 2013; 63: 67-71.
3
Streatfield P, Kamal N. Population and Family Planning in Bangladesh. J Pak Med Assoc 2013; 63: 73-81.
4
Simber M. Achievements of Iranian family planning programmes 1956-2006. East Mediterr Health J 2012; 18: 279-86.
5
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Contraceptive Performance Report 2011-2012. Islamabad; 2012.
6
National Institute of Population Studies & ICF International. Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13. Islamabad; 2013.
7
Gazdar H, Khan A, Qureshi S. Measuring the economic costs of unsafe abortion mortality and morbidity in Pakistan: Preliminary findings and survey design. Karachi: Collective for Social Science Research; 2010.
8
Nishtar S, Amjad S, Sheikh S, Ahmad M. Synergizing health and population in Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2009; 59: S3-23.
9
Shaikh BT. Unmet need for family planning in Pakistan- PDHS 2006-2007: It’s time to re-examine déjà vu. Open Access Journal of Contraception 2010; 1: 113-8. doi: 10.2147/OAJC.S13715
10
Ahmed S, Li Q, Liu L, Tsui AO. Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: an analysis of 172 countries. Lancet 2012; 380: 111-25. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60478-4
11
Sami N, Shaikh BT. Leadership in family planning & reproductive health: a university based capacity building and networking initiative in Pakistan. Pak J Public Health 2012; 2: 46-51.
12
United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Deliver Project Task Order 4. Pakistan: Provincial and district supply chain management situation assessment. Arlington: USAID; 2012.
13
Wazir S, Shaikh BT, Ahmed A. National program for family planning and primary health care Pakistan: A SWOT analysis. Reprod Health 2013; 10: 60. doi: 10.1186/1742-4755-10-60
14
Backman G, Hunt P, Khosla R, Jaramillo-Stouss C, Fikre BM, Rumble C, et al. Health Systems and the right to health: an assessment of 194 countries. Lancet 2008; 372: 2047-85. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61781-x
15
Shaikh BT. Devolution in health sector: challenges and opportunities for evidence based policies. LEAD Pakistan Occasional Paper Series. Islamabad; 2013.
16
World Health Organization (WHO). Strengthening Health Systems to Improve Health Outcomes. Geneva: WHO; 2007.
17
Shiffman J. Political management in the Indonesian family planning program. Int Fam Plan Perspect 2004; 30: 27-33. doi: 10.1363/3002704
18
Khanna A, Pradhan J, Rashid HA, Beekink E, Gupta M, Sharma A. Financing reproductive health in Bangladesh. J Health Manage 2013; 15: 177-202. doi: 10.1177/0972063413489004
19
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). The state of family planning in Pakistan. Targeting the missing links to achieve development goals. Islamabad: UNFPA; 2013.
20
United States Agency for International Development (USAID). IFPS Technical Assistance Project (ITAP). 20 Years of the Innovations in Family Planning Services Project in Uttar Pradesh, India; Experiences, Lessons Learned and Achievements. Gurgaon, Haryana: USAID; 2012.
21
Hardee K, Leahy E. Population, fertility and family planning in Pakistan: a program in stagnation. Pop Action Int 2008; 3: 1-12.
22
United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Deliver Project Task Order 1 and Pathfinder International. Contraceptive Security Brief: Engaging Service Delivery Providers in Contraceptive Security. Arlington: USAID; 2010.
23
Barros AJ, Ronsmans C, Axelson H, Loaiza E, Bertoldi AD, França GV, et al. Equity in maternal, newborn and child health interventions in Countdown to 2015: a retrospective review of survey data from 54 countries. Lancet 2012; 379: 1225-33. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60113-5
24
Senanayake H, Goonewardene M, Ranatunga A, Hattotuwa R, Amarasekera S, Amarasinghe I. Achieving Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in Sri Lanka. BJOG 2011; 118: 78-87. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03115.x
25
Nishtar S, Boerma T, Amjad S, Alam AY, Khalid F, Haq I, et al. Pakistan’s health system: performance and prospects after the 18th Constitutional Amendment. Lancet 2013; 381: 2193-206. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60019-7
26
Bhutta ZA, Chopra M, Axelson H, Berman P, Boerma T, Bryce J, et al. Countdown to 2015 decade report (2000-10): taking stock of maternal, new born, and child survival. Lancet 2010; 375: 2032-44. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60678-2
27
Chikvaidze P, Madi HH, Mahaini RK. Mapping family planning policy and programme best practices in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: a step towards coordinated scale-up. East Mediterr Health J 2012; 18: 911-9.
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Constraints to Applying Systems Thinking Concepts in Health Systems: A Regional Perspective from Surveying Stakeholders in Eastern Mediterranean Countries
Background Systems Thinking (ST) has recently been promoted as an important approach to health systems strengthening. However, ST is not common practice, particularly in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). This paper seeks to explore the barriers that may hinder its application in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) and possible strategies to mitigate them. Methods A survey consisting of open-ended questions was conducted with a purposive sample of health policymakers such as senior officials from the Ministry of Health (MoH), researchers, and other stakeholders such as civil society groups and professional associations from ten countries in the region. A total of 62 respondents participated in the study. Thematic analysis was conducted. Results There was strong recognition of the relevance and usefulness of ST to health systems policy-making and research, although misconceptions about what ST means were also identified. Experience with applying ST was very limited. Approaches to designing health policies in the EMR were perceived as reactive and fragmented (66%). Commonly perceived constraints to application of ST were: a perceived notion of its costliness combined with lack of the necessary funding to operationalize it (53%), competing political interests and lack of government accountability (50%), lack of awareness about relevance and value (47%), limited capacity to apply it (45%), and difficulty in coordinating and managing stakeholders (39%). Conclusion While several strategies have been proposed to mitigate most of these constraints, they emphasized the importance of political endorsement and adoption of ST at the leadership level, together with building the necessary capacity to apply it and apply the learning in research and practice.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2924_1c7862be2a2460f19ec87df5e9c49db3.pdf
2014-12-01
399
407
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.124
Systems Thinking (ST)
Health Systems
Eastern Mediterranean Region
Fadi
El-Jardali
fe08@aub.edu.lb
1
Department of Health Management and Policy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
LEAD_AUTHOR
Taghreed
Adam
adamt@who.int
2
Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
AUTHOR
Nour
Ataya
noor.ataya@gmail.com
3
Department of Health Management and Policy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
AUTHOR
Diana
Jamal
dj06@aub.edu.lb
4
Department of Health Management and Policy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
AUTHOR
Maha
Jaafar
mj30@aub.edu.lb
5
Department of Health Management and Policy, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
AUTHOR
Trochim WM, Cabrera DA, Milstein B, Gallagher RS, Leischow SJ. Practical challenges of systems thinking and modeling in public health. Am J Public Health 2006; 96: 538-46. doi: 10.2105/ajph.2005.066001
1
Leischow SJ, Best A, Trochim WM, Clark PI, Gallagher RS, Marcus SE, et al. Systems thinking to improve the public's health. Am J Prev Med 2008; 35: S196-203.
2
Adam T. Advancing the application of systems thinking in health. Health Res Policy Syst 2014; 12: 50. doi: 10.1186/1478-4505-12-50
3
Jansen MWJ, van Oers HAM, Kok G, de Vries NK. Public health: disconnections between policy, practice and research. Health Res Policy Syst 2010; 8: 37. doi: 10.1186/1478-4505-8-37
4
de Savigny D, Adam T. Systems thinking for health systems strengthening. Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research. Geneva: World health Organization:2009.
5
Swanson RC, Bongiovanni A, Bradley E, Murugan V, Sundewall J, Betigeri A, et al. Toward a consensus on guiding principles for health systems strengthening. PLoS Med 2010; 7: e1000385. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000385
6
Chee G, Pielemeier N, Lion A, Connor C. Why differentiating between health system support and health system strengthening is needed. Int J Health Plann Manage 2012; 28: 85-94. doi: 10.1002/hpm.2122
7
Kamuzora P, Gilson L. Factors influencing implementation of the Community Health Fund in Tanzania. Health Policy Plan 2007; 22: 95-102. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czm001
8
Agyepong IA, Kodua A, Adjei S, Adam T. When 'solutions of yesterday become problems of today': crisis-ridden decision making in a complex adaptive system (CAS)--the Additional Duty Hours Allowance in Ghana. Health Policy Plan 2012; 27: iv20-31. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czs083
9
de Savigny D, Webster J, Agyepong IA, Mwita A, Bart-Plange C, Baffoe-Wilmot A, et al. Introducing vouchers for malaria prevention in Ghana and Tanzania: context and adoption of innovation in health systems. Health Policy Plan 2012; 27: iv32-43. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czs087
10
Paina L, Peters DH. Understanding pathways for scaling up health services through the lens of complex adaptive systems. Health Policy Plan 2012; 27: 365-73. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czr054
11
Adam T, Hsu J, de Savigny D, Lavis JN, Røttingen JA, Bennett S. Evaluating health systems strengthening interventions in low-income and middle-income countries: are we asking the right questions? Health Policy Plan 2012; 27: iv9-19. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czs086
12
World Health Organization (WHO). World Health Report 2000: health systems: improving performance. Geneva: World health Organization; 2000.
13
Sterman JD. Learning from evidence in a complex world. Am J Public Health 2006; 96: 505-14. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2005.066043
14
Holden LM. Complex adaptive systems: concept analysis. J Adv Nurs 2005; 52: 651-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03638.x
15
Shiell A, Hawe P, Gold L. Complex interventions or complex systems? Implications for health economic evaluation. BMJ 2008; 336: 1281-3. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39569.510521.ad
16
Atun R. Health systems, systems thinking and innovation. Health Policy Plan 2012; 27: iv4-8. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czs088
17
Xiao Y, Zhao K, Bishai DM, Peters DH. Essential drugs policy in three rural counties in China: What does a complexity lens add? Soc Sci Med 2012; 93: 220-8. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.09.034
18
World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. The Work of WHO in the Eastern Mediterranean Region Annual Report of the Regional Director. 2013. [cited 2014 October 3]. Available from: http://applications.emro.who.int/docs/RD_annual_Rep_2014_15459_EN.pdf?ua=1
19
Lavis JN, Hammill AC, Bourgeault IL, Stoddart GL. The supply, distribution and working context of health professionals: Why do things (almost) never change? Ontario Health Promotion E-Bulletin;2007.
20
El-Jardali F, Lavis JN, Ataya N, Jamal D, Ammar W, Raouf S. Use of health systems evidence by policymakers in eastern Mediterranean countries: views, practices, and contextual influences. BMC Health Serv Res 2012; 12: 200. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-12-200
21
El-Jardali F, Lavis JN, Ataya N, Jamal D. Use of health systems and policy research evidence in the health policymaking in eastern Mediterranean countries: views and practices of researchers. Implement Sci 2012; 7: 2. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-7-2
22
World Health Organization (WHO). Everybody business: strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes: WHO’s framework for action. Geneva: WHO; 2007.
23
Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB, Lavis JN, Ramkissoonsingh R, Arnold-Oatley AE. Optimal search strategies for detecting health services research studies in MEDLINE. CMAJ 2004; 171: 1179-85.
24
Carr EC, Worth A. The use of the telephone interview for research. Nursing Times Research 2001; 6: 511-24. doi: 10.1177/136140960100600107
25
Sturges JE, Hanrahan KJ. Comparing telephone and face-to-face qualitative interviewing: a research note. Qualitative Research 2004; 4: 107-18. doi: 10.1177/1468794104041110
26
Hahn EA, Rao D, Cella D, Choi SW. Comparability of interview- and self-administration of the functional assessment of cancer therapy-general (FACT-G) in English- and Spanish-speaking ambulatory cancer patients. Med Care 2008; 46: 423-31. doi: 10.1097/mlr.0b013e3181648e6e
27
Fowler FJ, Gallagher PM, Nederend S. Comparing telephone and mail responses to the CAHPS survey instrument. Consumer Assessment of Health Plans Study. Med Care 1999; 37: MS41-9. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199903001-00005
28
Polit DF, Hungler BP. Nursing research: principles and methods. 4th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1991.
29
Kendall J. Axial coding and the grounded theory controversy. West J Nurs Res 1999; 21: 743-57. doi: 10.1177/01939459922044162
30
Adam T, de Savigny D. Systems thinking for strengthening health systems in LMICs: need for a paradigm shift. Health Policy Plan 2012;27: iv1-3. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czs084
31
Bennett S, Agyepong IA, Sheikh K, Hanson K, Ssengooba F, Gilson L. Building the field of health policy and systems research: an agenda for action. PLoS Med 2011; 8: e1001081. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001081
32
Adam T, Ahmad S, Bigdeli M, Ghaffar A, Røttingen JA. Trends in Health Policy and Systems Research over the Past Decade: Still Too Little Capacity in Low-Income Countries. PLoS One 2011;6: e27263. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027263
33
Saleh SS, Alameddine MS, Natafgi NM, Mataria A, Sabri B, Nasher J, et al. The path towards universal health coverage in the Arab uprising countries Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen. Lancet 2014; 383: 368-81. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62339-9
34
Kwamie A, van Dijk H, Agyepong IA. Advancing the application of systems thinking in health: realist evaluation of the Leadership Development Programme for district manager decision-making in Ghana. Health Res Policy Syst 2014; 12: 29. doi: 10.1186/1478-4505-12-29
35
Swanson RC, Cattaneo A, Bradley E, Chunharas S, Atun R, Abbas KM, et al. Rethinking health systems strengthening: key systems thinking tools and strategies for transformational change. Health Policy Plan 2012 27: iv54-61. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czs090
36
Frenk J, Chen L, Bhutta ZA, Cohen J, Crisp N, Evans T, et al. Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. Lancet 2010; 376: 1923-58. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61854-5
37
Calhoun JG, Ramiah K, Weist EM, Shortell SM. Development of a core competency model for the Master of Public Health degree. Am J Public Health 2008; 98: 1598-607. doi: 10.2105/ajph.2007.117978
38
Willis CD, Riley BL, Best A, Ongolo-Zogo P. Strengthening health systems through networks: the need for measurement and feedback. Health Policy Plan 2012; 27: iv62-6. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czs089
39
Zhang X, Bloom G, Xu X, Chen L, Liang X, Wolcott SJ. Advancing the application of systems thinking in health: managing rural China health system development in complex and dynamic contexts. Health Res Policy Syst 2014; 12: 44. doi: 10.1186/1478-4505-12-44
40
Sheikh K, Ranson MK, Gilson L. Explorations on people centredness in health systems. Health Policy Plan 2014; 29: ii1-5. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czu082
41
Onwuegbuzie AJ, Leech NL. A call for qualitative power analyses. Qual Quant 2007; 41: 105-21. doi: 10.1007/s11135-005-1098-1
42
Bowling A. Mode of questionnaire administration can have serious effects on data quality. J Public Health (Oxf) 2005; 27: 281-91. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdi031
43
McPake B, Brikci N, Cometto G, Schmidt A, Araujo E. Removing user fees: learning from international experience to support the process. Health Policy Plan 2011; 26: ii104-17. doi: 10.1093/heapol/czr064
44
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
On the Cost of Shame; Comment on “Nudging by Shaming, Shaming by Nudging”
In his editorial, Nir Eyal argues that a nudge can exploit our propensity to feel shame in order to steer us toward certain choices. We object that shame is a cost and therefore cannot figure in the apparatus of a nudge.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2923_c5434349d7d9eedf2a8674300923a7e2.pdf
2014-12-01
409
411
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.125
Nudge
Health
Cost
Shame
Shaming
Emma
Tieffenbach
emma.tieffenbach@unige.ch
1
Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
LEAD_AUTHOR
Eyal N. Nudging by shaming, shaming by nudging. Int J Health Policy Manag 3: 53–6; 2014. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.68
1
Nussbaum M. Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law. Princeton, NJ/Oxford: Princeton University Press; 2004.
2
Elison J, Harter S. Humiliation: Causes, Correlates and Consequences. In: Tracy JL, Robins RW, and Tangney JP, editors. The Self-Conscious Emotions. New York: The Guilford Press; 2007. p. 310-29.
3
Deonna J, Rodogno R, Teroni F. In Defense of Shame: The Faces of an Emotion. Chapter 7 and 8. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2012.
4
Williams B. Shame and Necessity. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1993
5
Wolheim R. On the Emotions. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press; 1999.
6
Elster J. Alchemies of the Mind, Rationality and the Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999.
7
Russell JA. A circumplex model of affect. J Pers Soc Psychol 1980; 39: 1161-78.
8
Lewis M. Shame and Stigma. In: Gilbert P, Andrews B, editors. Shame: Interpersonal Behavior, Psychopathology and Culture. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1988. p. 126-40.
9
Sabini J, Silver M. In Defence of Shame: Shame in the context of Guilt and Embarrassment. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 1997; 27: 1-15. doi: 10.1111/1468-5914.00023
10
Becker G. Accounting for Tastes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1996.
11
Robert F. Passions within Reason. New York: Norton; 1988.
12
Sunstein CR, Thaler RH. Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness.1st edition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 2008. doi: 10.1007/s10602-008-9056-2
13
Tangney JP, Wagner PE, Fletcher C, Gramzow R. Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression. J Pers Soc Psychol 1992;62: 669-75.
14
Elster J. Sour Grapes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1993.
15
Deonna J, Terroni F. The Emotions. A philosophical Introduction. London and New York: Routledge; 2012.
16
Gordon RM. The Structure of Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1997.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Localization of Determinants of Fertility through Measurement Adaptations in Developing-Country Settings: The Case of Iran; Comment on “Analysis of Economic Determinants of Fertility in Iran: A Multilevel Approach”
Studies investigating fertility decline in developing countries often adopt measures of determinants of fertility behavior developed based on observations from developed countries, without adapting them to the realities of the study setting. As a result, their findings are usually invalid, anomalous or statistically non-significant. This commentary draws on the research article by Moeeni and colleagues, as an exemplary work which has not adapted measures of two key economic determinants of fertility behavior, namely gender inequality and opportunity costs of childbearing, to the realities of Iran’s economy. Measurement adaptations that can improve the study are discussed.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2926_9ed3515e5981cba70d6cbf5821175d81.pdf
2014-12-01
413
415
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.127
Localization
Fertility Behavior
Gender Equality
Population Policy
Measurement
Iran
Amir
Erfani
amire@nipissingu.ca
1
Department of Sociology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Population Reference Bureau. 2014 World Population Data Sheet. Population Reference Bureau: Washington D.C.; 2014.
1
2. Erfani A, McQuillan K. Rapid fertility decline in Iran: analysis of intermediate variables. J Biosoc Sci 2008; 40: 459-78. doi: 10.1017/S002193200700243X
2
3. Erfani A. Fertility in Tehran city and Iran: rates, trends and differentials. Population Studies 2013; (1): 87-107. [in Persian]
3
4. Morgan PS, Taylor MG. Low fertility at the turn of the twenty-first century. Annu Rev Sociol 2006; 32: 375-99. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.31.041304.122220
4
5. Caldwell JC, Schindlmayr T. Explanations of the fertility crisis in modern societies: a search for commonalities. Popul Stud 2003; 57: 241-63. doi: 10.1080/0032472032000137790
5
6. Mills M, Blossfeld HP, Klijzing E. Becoming an adult in uncertain times: A 14-country comparison of the losers of globalization. In: Blossfeld HP, Klijzing E, Mills M, Kurz K. editors. Globalization, uncertainty and youth in society. London/New York: Routledge Advances in Sociology Series; 2005. p. 393-411.
6
7. Kohler HP, Billari FC, Ortega JA. The emergence of the lowest-low fertility in Europe during the 1990s. Popul Dev Rev 2002; 28: 641-80. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2002.00641.x
7
8. Becker GS. A treatise on the family. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1981.
8
9. McDonald P. Gender equity and theories of fertility transition. Popul Dev Rev 2000; 26: 427-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2000.00427.x
9
10. Lesthaeghe R. The second demographic transition in Western countries: An interpretation. In: Mason KD, Jensen AM, editors. Gender and Family Change in Industrialized Countries. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995. p. 17-62.
10
11. Van de Kaa DJ. Europe’s second demographic transition. Popul Bull 1987; 42: 1-59.
11
Mirzaie M. Swings in fertility limitation in Iran. Critique Crit Middle East Stud 2005; 14: 25-33. doi: 10.1080/10669920500056973
12
12. Aghajanian A. A new direction in population policy and family planning in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Asia Pac Popul 1995; 10: 3-20.
13
13. Abbasi-Shavazi MJ, McDonald P, Hosseini-Chavoshi M. The fertility transition in Iran: revolution and reproduction. New York: Springer; 2009.
14
14. Raftery EA, Lewis SM, Aghajanian A. Demand or ideation? Evidence from the marital fertility decline. Demography 1995; 32: 159-82. doi: 10.2307/2061738
15
15. Salehi-Isfahani D, Tandon A. Fertility transition or intertemporal substitution in postrevolutionary Iran? Evidence from household data. Unpublished paper, Department of Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; 1999.
16
16. Mansoorian M, Fernando R. Analysis of relative risks of early births in Iran: before and after the Islamic Revolution. Discussion Paper No. 93-1, Population Studies Centre, University of Western Ontario; 1993.
17
17. Erfani A, McQuillan K. The changing timing of births in Iran: An explanation on the rise and fall in fertility after the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Biodemography Soc Biol 2014; 60: 67-86. doi: 10.1080/19485565.2014.899428
18
18. Mansoorian M. Determinants of birth interval dynamics in Kohgylooye and Bovairahmad province, Iran. J Comp Fam Stud 2008; 39: 165–85.
19
19. Rasekh A, Momtaz M. The determinants of birth interval in Ahvaz-Iran: a graphical chain modelling approach. J Data Sci 2007; 5: 555-76.
20
20. Shapiro D, Tombashe BO. Kinshasa in Transition: Women’s Education, Employment, and Fertility. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2003.
21
21. Heckman JJ. Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error. Econometrica 1979; 47: 153-61. doi: 10.2307/1912352
22
22. Moeeni M, Pourreza A, Torabi F, Heydari H, Mahmoudi M. Analysis of economic determinants of fertility in Iran: a multilevel approach. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 3: 135-44. doi: 10.15171/ijhpm.2014.78
23
23. Statistical Center of Iran. Iran Statistical Yearbook 2011. Tehran: Statistical Center of Iran; 2012. [Cited 2014 November 24]. Available from: http://salnameh.sci.org.ir
24
24. Erfani A. Women’s education and the transition to motherhood in Tehran, Iran. International Conference on Education and the Global Fertility Transition; 2011 Nov 30-Dec; Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital, Vienna, Austria.
25
25. Erfani A. Family planning and women’s educational advancement in Iran. Can Stud Popul; forthcoming.
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Preventing the Emergence of Ebola Disease in Unaffected Countries: Necessity of Preparedness
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_2914_7d519d2a3efdce4be2ee502c65ac21b2.pdf
2014-12-01
417
418
10.15171/ijhpm.2014.117
Ebola Disease
Preparedness
Public Health Emergency
Saurabh
Shrivastava
drshrishri2008@gmail.com
1
Department of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Kancheepuram, TamilNadu, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Prateek
Shrivastava
prateekbobhate@gmail.com
2
Department of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Kancheepuram, TamilNadu, India
AUTHOR
Jegadeesh
Ramasamy
tbcaremumbai4@gmail.com
3
Department of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Kancheepuram, TamilNadu, India
AUTHOR
Frieden TR, Damon I, Bell BP, Kenyon T, Nichol S. Ebola 2014--new challenges, new global response and responsibility. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1177-80. doi: 10.1056/nejmp1409903
1
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreaks chronology: Ebola virus disease [internet]. Atlanta: CDC; 2014. [Cited 2014 Oct 22]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/Ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html
2
Briand S, Bertherat E, Cox P, Formenty P, Kieny MP, Myhre JK, et al. The international Ebola emergency. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1180-3. doi: 10.1056/nejmp1409858
3
Chan M. Ebola virus disease in West Africa - no early end to the outbreak. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1183-5. doi: 10.1056/nejmp1409859
4
World Health Organization (WHO). Ebola in West Africa: heading for catastrophe? [internet]. 2014. [Cited 2014 Oct 10]. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/Ebola/Ebola-6-months/west-africa/en/
5
World Health Organization (WHO). Ebola virus disease - Fact sheet N°103 ; 2014. [Cited 2014 Oct 15]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/
6
Marzi A, Feldmann H. Ebola virus vaccines: an overview of current approaches. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13: 521-31. doi: 10.1586/14760584.2014.885841
7
Oestereich L, Ludtke A, Wurr S, Rieger T, Munoz-Fontela C, Gunther S. Successful treatment of advanced Ebola virus infection with T-705 (favipiravir) in a small animal model. Antiviral Res 2014; 105: 17-21. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.02.014
8
Fauci AS. Ebola - underscoring the global disparities in health care resources. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1084-6. doi: 10.1056/nejmp1409494
9
World Health Organization (WHO). WHO congratulates Senegal on ending Ebola transmission [internet]. 2014. [Cited 2014 Oct 18]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/senegal-ends-ebola/en/
10
World Health Organization (WHO). WHO declares end of Ebola outbreak in Nigeria [internet]. 2014. [Cited 2014 Oct 26]. Available from: http://who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/nigeria-ends-ebola/en/
11
Kanapathipillai R. Ebola virus disease--current knowledge. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: e18. doi: 10.1056/nejmp1410741
12
Green A. WHO and partners launch Ebola response plan. Lancet 2014; 384: 481. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61322-2
13
World Health Organization (WHO). Public health events of initially unknown etiology: A framework for preparedness and response in the African Region. Geneva: WHO; 2014.
14
Hwang ES. Preparedness for prevention of Ebola virus disease. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29: 1185. doi: 10.3346/jkms.214.29.9.1185
15