ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Diabetes Dictating Policy: An Editorial Commemorating World Health Day 2016
The 21st century is an era of great challenge for humankind; we are combating terrorism, climate change, poverty, human rights issues and last but not least non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The burden of the latter has become so large that it is being recognized by world leaders globally as an area that it is in need of much greater attention. In light of this concern, the World Health Organization (WHO) dedicated this year’s World Health Day (held on April 7, 2016) to raising international awareness on diabetes, the fastest growing NCD in the world. This editorial is an account of the macro politics in place for fighting diabetes, both internationally and nationally.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3223_91bfabbe0558eb1fc82d4ec694090915.pdf
2016-10-01
571
573
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.79
World Health Day
Diabetes
Health Policy
Non-communicable Disease (NCD)
Amirhossein
Takian
takiana@gmail.com
1
Department of Global Health and Public Policy, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Sara
Kazempour-Ardebili
s.kazempour@endocrine.ac.ir
2
Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
World Health Organization (WHO). Global Report on Diabetes. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204871/1/9789241565257_eng.pdf. Published 2016.
1
Countries in the world by population (2016). Worldometers website. http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-country/.
2
Danaei G, Finucane MM, Lu Y, et al. National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2· 7 million participants. Lancet. 2011;378(9785):31-40.
3
Aguiree F, Brown A, Cho NH, et al. IDF diabetes atlas. 2013.
4
Collaboration NRF. Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4· 4 million participants. The Lancet. 2016;387(10027):1513-1530.
5
Seuring T, Archangelidi O, Suhrcke M. The economic costs of type 2 diabetes: a global systematic review. Pharmacoeconomics. 2015;33(8):811-831.
6
Organization WH. Monitoring framework and targets for the prevention and control of NCDs: a comprehensive global monitoring framework, including indicators, and a set of voluntary global targets for the prevention and control of non communicable diseases [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012 [cited 2012 Sep 6]. Geneva: World Health Organization: Available from: http://www. who. int/nmh/events/2012/ncd_discussion_paper/en/index. html.
7
Organization WH. Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013-2020. 2013.
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Resolution adopted by the General Assembly SSAia. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Published September 25, 2015.
9
World Bank 2015. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iran. Accessed April 15, 2016.
10
Organization WH. Non-communicable Disease Country Profiles. 2014.
11
Control INCfNPa. National Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases and the Related Risk Factors in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2015-20252015.
12
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Health Departments’ Engagement in Emergency Preparedness Activities: The Influence of Health Informatics Capacity
Background Local health departments (LHDs) operate in a complex and dynamic public health landscape, with changing demands on their emergency response capacities. Informatics capacities might play an instrumental role in aiding LHDs emergency preparedness. This study aimed to explore the extent to which LHDs’ informatics capacities are associated with their activity level in emergency preparedness and to identify which health informatics capacities are associated with improved emergency preparedness. Methods We used the 2013 National Profile of LHDs study to perform Poisson regression of emergency preparedness activities. Results Only 38.3% of LHDs participated in full-scale exercises or drills for an emergency in the 12 months period prior to the survey, but a much larger proportion provided emergency preparedness training to staff (84.3%), and/or participated in tabletop exercises (76.4%). Our multivariable analysis showed that after adjusting for several resource-related LHD characteristics, LHDs with more of the 6 information systems still tend to have slightly more preparedness activities. In addition, having a designated emergency preparedness coordinator, and having one or more emergency preparedness staff were among the most significant factors associated with LHDs performing more emergency preparedness activities. Conclusion LHDs might want to utilize better health information systems and information technology tools to improve their activity level in emergency preparedness, through improved information dissemination, and evidence collection.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3193_ea2d9295ce5a0f066118c1b889227647.pdf
2016-10-01
575
582
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.48
Informatics
Electronic Health Records (EHRs)
Emergencies
Immunization
Health
Information
Exchange
Disease Notification
Registries
Gulzar H.
Shah
gshah@georgiasouthern.edu
1
Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Bobbie
Newell
bnewell@georgiasouthern.edu
2
Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
AUTHOR
Ruth E.
Whitworth
rewhitworth@georgiasouthern.edu
3
Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
AUTHOR
Nguh J. The role of information technology in emergency preparedness by local health departments: a literature review. J Emerg Manag.2014;12(4):327-339. doi:10.5055/jem.2014.0183
1
Haddow G, Bullock J, Coppola, DP. Introduction to Emergency Management. Newton: MA, Butterworth-Heinemann; 2013.
2
Schoch-Spana M, Selck FW, Goldberg LA. A national survey on health department capacity for community engagement in emergency preparedness. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2015;21(2):196-207.
3
Cantey PT, Chuk MG, Kohl KS, et al. Public health emergency preparedness: lessons learned about monitoring of interventions from the National Association of County and City Health Official's survey of nonpharmaceutical interventions for pandemic H1N1. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2013;19(1):70-76. doi:10.1097/phh.0b013e31824d4666
4
Stoto MA. Regionalization in local public health systems: variation in rationale, implementation, and impact on public health preparedness. Public Health Rep. 2008;123(4):441-449.
5
Kmietowicz Z. WHO declares that H1N1 pandemic is officially over. BMJ. 2010;341:c4393. doi:10.1136/bmj.c4393
6
Zarocostas J. H1N1 pandemic flu found to cause viral pneumonia in severe cases, says WHO. BMJ. 2009;339:b4313. doi:10.1136/bmj.b4313
7
Shah GH, Herrmann J, Drabczyk A, Fisher S, Leep C. Local public health emergency preparedness: situation of funding, types of hazard events responded to and involvement of volunteers. Poster presented at the 2011 Public Health Preparedness Summit. Feb 22-25, Atlanta, Georgia; 2011.
8
Nguh J. Have Maryland local health departments effectively put in place the information technology relevant to emergency preparedness? J Emerg Manag. 2012;11(1):73-91.
9
Chamberlain AT, Seib K, Wells K, et al. Perspectives of immunization program managers on 2009-10 H1N1 vaccination in the United States: a national survey. Biosecur Bioterror. 2012;10(1):142-150. doi:10.1089/bsp.2011.0077
10
Rosenfeld LA, Etkind P, Grasso A, Adams AJ, Rothholz MC. Extending the reach: local health department collaboration with community pharmacies in Palm Beach County, Florida for H1N1 influenza pandemic response. J Public Health Manag Pract.2011;17(5):439-448. doi:10.1097/phh.0b013e31821138ae
11
Gotham IJ, Sottolano DL, Hennessy ME, et al. An integrated information system for all‐hazards health preparedness and response: New York State Health Emergency Response Data System. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2007;13(5):486-496. doi:10.1097/01.phh.0000285202.48588.89
12
Yasnoff WA, O'Carroll PW, Koo D, Linkins RW, Kilbourne EM. Public health informatics: improving and transforming public health in the information age. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2000;6(6):67-75. doi:10.1097/00124784-200006060-00010
13
Choo CW. The knowing organization: How organizations use information to construct meaning, create knowledge and make decisions. Int J Inf Manage. 1996;16(5):329-340.
14
Baker EL, Ross DA. Managing Information—Addressing a Central Challenge of the Public Health Enterprise. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2013;19(4):383-385. doi:10.1097/phh.0b013e318296f43f
15
Magruder C, Burke M, Hann NE, Ludovic JA. Using information technology to improve the public health system. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2005;11(2):123-130. doi:10.1097/00124784-200503000-00005
16
Lumpkin JR, Magnuson J. History and significance of information systems and public health. In: Magnuson JA, FU PC, eds. Public Health Informatics and Information Systems. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 2014:19-36.
17
Willard R, Shah GH, Leep C, Ku L. Impact of the 2008–2010 economic recession on local health departments. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2012;18(2):106-114. doi:10.1097/phh.0b013e3182461cf2
18
Carman AL, Timsina LR, Scutchfield FD. Quality improvement activities of local health departments during the 2008–2010 economic recession. Am J Prev Med.2014;46(2):171-174. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.10.005
19
Burke RV, Ryutov T, Neches R, Upperman J. Health informatics for pediatric disaster preparedness planning. Appl Clin Inform. 2010;1(3):256-264. doi:10.4338/aci-2009-12-r-0019
20
Novick LF, Morrow CB, Mays GP. Public Health Administration. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett; 2008.
21
Smith PF, Hadler JL, Stanbury M, Rolfs RT, Hopkins RS. “Blueprint version 2.0”: updating public health surveillance for the 21st century. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2013;19(3):231-239. doi:10.1097/phh.0b013e318262906e
22
McCullough MJ, Zimmerman FJ, Bell DS, Rodriguez HP. Local public health department adoption and use of electronic health records. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2015;21(1):E20-E28. doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000000143
23
Tornatzky L FM. The Process of Technology Innovation. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books; 1990.
24
25. Boehmer TK, Patnaik JL, Burnite SJ, Ghosh TS, Gershman K, Vogt RL. Use of hospital discharge data to evaluate notifiable disease reporting to Colorado's Electronic Disease Reporting System. Public Health Rep. 2011;126(1):100-106.
25
Meltzer DO, Hoomans T, Chung J, Basu A. Minimal modeling approaches to value of information analysis for health research. Med Decis Making. 2011;31(6):E1-E22. doi:10.1177/0272989X11412975
26
Steuten L, van de Wetering G, Groothuis-Oudshoorn K, Retel V. A systematical and critical review of the evolving methods and applications of value of information in academia and practice. Pharmacoeconomics. 2013;31(1);25-48. doi:10.1007/s40273-012-0008-3
27
Tuffaha HW, Gordon L, Scuffham PA. Value of information analysis in oncology: the value of evidence and evidence of value. J Oncol Pract. 2014;10(2):e55-e62. doi:10.1200/JOP.2013.001108
28
Kmietowicz Z. WHO declares that H1N1 pandemic is officially over. BMJ. 2010;341.
29
Weiner EE, Trangenstein PA. Informatics solutions for emergency planning and response. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2007;129(Pt 2):1164-1168.
30
NACCHO. Profile Study Instruments & Codebooks. http://nacchoprofilestudy.org/data-requests/. Accessed December 18, 2015.
31
Savoia E, Lin L, Viswanath K. Communications in public health emergency preparedness: a systematic review of the literature. Biosecur Bioterror.2013;11(3):170-184.
32
Carney T, Weber D. Public health intelligence: learning from the ebola crisis. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(9):1740-1744.
33
Dickmann P, McClelland A, Gamhewage G, Portela de Souza P, Apfel F. Making sense of communication interventions in public health emergencies - an evaluation framework for risk communication. J Commun Healthc. 2015;8(3):233-240.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Planning and Budgeting for Nutrition Programs in Tanzania: Lessons Learned From the National Vitamin A Supplementation Program
Background Micronutrient deficiency in Tanzania is a significant public health problem, with vitamin A deficiency (VAD) affecting 34% of children aged 6 to 59 months. Since 2007, development partners have worked closely to advocate for the inclusion of twice-yearly vitamin A supplementation and deworming (VASD) activities with budgets at the subnational level, where funding and implementation occur. As part of the advocacy work, a VASD planning and budgeting tool (PBT) was developed and is used by district officials to justify allocation of funds. Helen Keller International (HKI) and the Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre (TFNC) conduct reviews of VASD funds and health budgets annually in all districts to monitor the impact of advocacy efforts. This paper presents the findings of the fiscal year (FY) 2010 district budget annual review. The review was intended to answer the following questions regarding district-level funding: (1) how many funds were allocated to nutrition-specific activities in FY 2010? (2) how many funds were allocated specifically to twice-yearly VASD activities in FY 2010? and (3) how have VASD funding allocations changed over time? Methods Budgets from all 133 districts in Tanzania were accessed, reviewed and documented to identify line item funds allocated for VASD and other nutrition activities in FY 2010. Retrospective data from prior annual reviews for VASD were used to track trends in funding. The data were collected using specific data forms and then transcribed into an excel spreadsheet for analysis. Results The total funds allocated in Tanzania’s districts in FY 2010 amounted to US$1.4 million of which 92% were for VASD. Allocations for VASD increased from US$0.387 million to US$1.3 million between FY 2005 and FY 2010. Twelve different nutrition activities were identified in budgets across the 133 districts. Despite the increased trend, the percentage of districts allocating sufficient funds to implement VAS (as defined by cost per child) was just 21%. Discussion District-driven VAS funding in Tanzania continues to be allocated by districts consistently, although adequacy of funding is a concern. However, regular administrative data point to fairly high and consistent coverage rates for VAS across the country (over 80% over the last 10 years). Although this analysis may have omitted some nutrition-specific funding not identified in district budget data, it represents a reliable reflection of the nutrition funding landscape in FY 2010. For this year, total district nutrition allocations add up to only 2% of the amount needed to implement nutrition services at scale according to Tanzania’s National Nutrition Strategy Implementation Plan. Conclusion VASD advocacy and planning support at the district level has succeeded in ensuring district allocations for the program. To promote sustainable implementation of other nutrition interventions in Tanzania, more funds must be allocated and guidance must be accompanied by tools that enable planning and budgeting at the district level.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3194_1ec62ad272e7efc0e085a103b65b58b5.pdf
2016-10-01
583
588
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.46
Budget
Planning
Nutrition
Tanzania
Vitamin A Supplementation and Deworming (VASD)
Margaret Benjamin
Lyatuu
margaretbenjamin8222@gmail.com
1
Helen Keller International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
LEAD_AUTHOR
Temina
Mkumbwa
tmkumbwa@hki.org
2
Helen Keller International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
AUTHOR
Raz
Stevenson
rstevenson@usaid.gov
3
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
AUTHOR
Marissa
Isidro
marissa.soohoo@gmail.com
4
Helen Keller International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
AUTHOR
Francis
Modaha
francistluway0820@live.com
5
Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
AUTHOR
Heather
Katcher
huk107@gmail.com
6
Helen Keller International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
AUTHOR
Christina Nyhus
Dhillon
cndhillon@gmail.com
7
Helen Keller International, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
AUTHOR
Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre (TFNC). Landscape Analysis of countries' readness to accelerate action in nutrition. Tanzania assessment for scalling up nutrition. TFNC report; 2012
1
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW). Comprehensive Council Health Management Planning Guideline. The United Republic of Tanzania: Ministry of Health; 2010.
2
Masanja H, de Savigny D, Smithson P, et al. Child survival gains in Tanzania: analysis of data from demographic and health surveys. Lancet. 2008;371(9620):1276-1283. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60562-0
3
Ruel MT, Alderman H; Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. Nutrition sensitive interventions and programs; how can they help to accelerate progress in improving martenal and child nutrition. Lancet. 2013;382(9891):536-551. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60843-0.
4
Worldbank. World Development Indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators
5
Rassas BM, Mulokozi G, Mugyabuso J, Lukmanji Z, Ruhiye D, Modaha F. Cost Analysis of the National Twice-Yearly Vitamin A Supplementation Program in Tanzania. Arlington, Virginia; 2005.
6
World Health Organization (WHO). Abuja Declaration: Ten years On. http://www.who.int/healthsystems/publications/abuja_report_aug_2011.pdf. Accessed February 2015. Published 2001.
7
Sikika. 2010/2011 Health Sector Budget Analysis. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Sikika; 2011.
8
Mullins J, Ehrlich L. Assessment of the National Vitamin A Supplementation and De-worming Program in Tanzania. WellShare; 2011.
9
Nyhus Dhillon C, Subramaniam H, Mulokozi G, Rambeloson Z, Klemm R. Overestimation of vitamin a supplementation coverage from district tally sheets demonstrates importance of population-based surveys for program improvement: lessons from Tanzania. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58629. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058629
10
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
National Health Service Principles as Experienced by Vulnerable London Migrants in “Austerity Britain”: A Qualitative Study of Rights, Entitlements, and Civil-Society Advocacy
Background Recent British National Health Service (NHS) reforms, in response to austerity and alleged ‘health tourism,’ could impose additional barriers to healthcare access for non-European Economic Area (EEA) migrants. This study explores policy reform challenges and implications, using excerpts from the perspectives of non-EEA migrants and health advocates in London. Methods A qualitative study design was selected. Data were collected through document review and 22 indepth interviews with non-EEA migrants and civil-society organisation representatives. Data were analysed thematically using the NHS principles. Results The experiences of those ‘vulnerable migrants’ (ie, defined as adult non-EEA asylum-seekers, refugees, undocumented, low-skilled, and trafficked migrants susceptible to marginalised healthcare access) able to access health services were positive, with healthcare professionals generally demonstrating caring attitudes. However, general confusion existed about entitlements due to recent NHS changes, controversy over ‘health tourism,’ and challenges registering for health services or accessing secondary facilities. Factors requiring greater clarity or improvement included accessibility, communication, and clarity on general practitioner (GP) responsibilities and migrant entitlements. Conclusion Legislation to restrict access to healthcare based on immigration status could further compromise the health of vulnerable individuals in Britain. This study highlights current challenges in health services policy and practice and the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in healthcare advocacy (eg, helping the voices of the most vulnerable reach policy-makers). Thus, it contributes to broadening national discussions and enabling more nuanced interpretation of ongoing global debates on immigration and health.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3198_9dc50d2319eba324dfb9fc8104eb3d24.pdf
2016-10-01
589
597
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.50
Migrant Health
National Health Service (NHS)
England
London
Austerity
Elham
Rafighi
e.rafighi@gmail.com
1
Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
AUTHOR
Shoba
Poduval
shoba_poduval@hotmail.com
2
Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
AUTHOR
Helena
Legido-Quigley
helena_legido_quigley@nuhs.edu.sg
3
Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
AUTHOR
Natasha
Howard
natasha.howard@lshtm.ac.uk
4
Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Vickers T. Refugees, Capitalism and the British State: Implications for social workers, volunteers and activists. London: Ashgate; 2012.
1
Summers D. David Cameron warns of 'new age of austerity'. Guardian. Sunday 26 April 2009.
2
Borisch B. Public health in times of austerity. J Public Health Policy. 2014;35(2):249-257. doi:10.1057/jphp.2014.7
3
Deep End Report. GP experience of the impact of austerity on patients and general practices in very deprived areas. General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing; 2012.
4
Roberts A, Marshall L, Charlesworth A. A decade of austerity? The funding pressures facing the NHS from 2010/11 to 2021/22. London: Nuffield Trust; 2012.
5
HM Treasury. Spending Review and Autumn Statement 2015. London; 2015.
6
Stuckler D, Basu S. The Body Economic: Why Austerity Kills. London: Basic Books; 2013.
7
Mind The Gap: Reducing Inequalities In Health And Health Care. Social and Public Health Sciences Unit website. http://www.sphsu.mrc.ac.uk/news/mind-the-gap-reducing-inequalities-in-health-and-health-care.html. Published October 9, 2014.
8
Salway S, Mir G, Turner D, Ellison GT, Carter L, Gerrish K. Obstacles to "race equality" in the English National Health Service: Insights from the healthcare commissioning arena. Soc Sci Med. 2016;152:102-110. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.01.031
9
Salway S, Turner D, Mir G, et al. Towards equitable commissioning for our multiethnic society: a mixed-methods qualitative investigation of evidence utilisation by strategic commissioners and public health managers. Southampton (UK); 2013.
10
Higginbottom G, Reime B, Bharj K, et al. Migration and maternity: insights of context, health policy, and research evidence on experiences and outcomes from a three country preliminary study across Germany, Canada, and the United kingdom. Health Care Women Int. 2013;34(11):936-965. doi:10.1080/07399332.2013.769999
11
Kyriakides C, Virdee S. Migrant labour, racism and the British National Health Service. Ethn Health. 2003;8(4):283-305. doi:10.1080/13557850310001631731
12
Ali N, Atkin K, Neal R. The role of culture in the general practice consultation process. Ethn Health. 2006;11(4):389-408. doi:10.1080/13557850600824286
13
Atkin K, Bradby H, Harding S. Migrants and the key role that they play in what has been termed the age of migration. Ethn Health. 2010;15(5):435. doi:10.1080/13557858.2010.516646
14
Gunaratnam Y. Cultural vulnerability and professional narratives. J Soc Work End Life Palliat Care. 2011;7(4):338-349. doi:10.1080/15524256.2011.623464
15
Gunaratnam Y. Intercultural palliative care: do we need cultural competence? Int J Palliat Nurs. 2007;13(10):470-477. doi:10.12968/ijpn.2007.13.10.27477
16
Hiam L, McKee M. Making a fair contribution: is charging migrants for healthcare in line with NHS principles? J R Soc Med. 2016. doi:10.1177/0141076816638657
17
Poduval S, Howard N, Jones L, Murwill P, McKee M, Legido-Quigley H. Experiences among undocumented migrants accessing primary care in the United Kingdom: a qualitative study. Int J Health Serv. 2015;45(2):320-333. doi:10.1177/0020731414568511
18
Craig G. 'Cunning, unprincipled, loathsome': the racist tail wags the welfare dog. J Soc Policy. 2007;36(4):605-623.
19
Rechel B, Mladovsky P, Ingleby D, Mackenbach JP, McKee M. Migration and health in an increasingly diverse Europe. Lancet. 2013;381(9873):1235-1245. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62086-8
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Phillimore J. Approaches to health provision in the age of super-diversity: Accessing the NHS in Britain’s most diverse city. Crit Soc Policy. 2011;31(5):5-29.
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Department of Health (DoH). Departmental Report 2006: The Health and Personal Social Services Programmes. Norwich: DoH; 2006.
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Thai K, Wimberley E, McManus S. Handbook of international health care systems. CRC Press; 2002:261-286.
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Department of Health (DoH). Visitor & Migrant NHS Cost Recovery Programme Implementation Plan 2014–16. London: DoH; 2014.
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UK Government. Pay for UK healthcare as part of your immigration application. https://www.gov.uk/healthcare-immigration-application/pay. Accessed December 1, 2015. Published 2015.
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Powell T. NHS Charges for Overseas Visitors - Commons Library Standard Note2013.
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Shangase P, Egbe CO. Barriers to Accessing HIV Services for Black African Communities in Cambridgeshire, the United Kingdom. J Community Health. 2014. doi:10.1007/s10900-014-9889-8
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67
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Politics, Power, Poverty and Global Health: Systems and Frames
Striking disparities in access to healthcare and in health outcomes are major characteristics of health across the globe. This inequitable state of global health and how it could be improved has become a highly popularized field of academic study. In a series of articles in this journal the roles of power and politics in global health have been addressed in considerable detail. Three points are added here to this debate. The first is consideration of how the use of definitions and common terms, for example ‘poverty eradication,’ can mask full exposure of the extent of rectification required, with consequent failure to understand what poverty eradication should mean, how this could be achieved and that a new definition is called for. Secondly, a criticism is offered of how the term ‘global health’ is used in a restricted manner to describe activities that focus on an anthropocentric and biomedical conception of health across the world. It is proposed that the discourse on ‘global health’ should be extended beyond conventional boundaries towards an ecocentric conception of global/planetary health in an increasingly interdependent planet characterised by a multitude of interlinked crises. Finally, it is noted that the paucity of workable strategies towards achieving greater equity in sustainable global health is not so much due to lack of understanding of, or insight into, the invisible dimensions of power, but is rather the outcome of seeking solutions from within belief systems and cognitive biases that cannot offer solutions. Hence the need for a new framing perspective for global health that could reshape our thinking and actions.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3248_7cd4a615547cef734e873400545332a3.pdf
2016-10-01
599
604
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.101
Global/Planetary Health
Belief Systems
Values
Framing
Poverty
Power
Solomon
Benatar
solly.benatar@utoronto.ca
1
University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
LEAD_AUTHOR
Benatar SR. Global disparities in health and human rights: a critical commentary. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:295-300.
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Shiffman J. Knowledge, moral claims and the exercise of power in global health. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2014;3(6):297-299. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2014.120
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Lee K. Revealing power in truth: Comment on “Knowledge, moral claims and the exercise of power in global health.” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(4):257-259. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.42
4
Rushton S. The politics of researching global health politics: Comment on “Knowledge, moral claims and the exercise of power in global health.” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(5):311-314. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.47
5
Ooms G. Navigating between stealth advocacy and unconscious dogmatism: the challenge of researching the norms, politics and power of global health. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(10):641-644. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.116
6
Forman L. The ghost is the machine: how can we visibilize the unseen norms and power of global health? Comment on “Navigating between stealth advocacy and unconscious dogmatism: the challenge of researching the norms, politics and power of global health.” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;5(3):197-199. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.206
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Evolving Role of Physicians - Don’t Forget the Generalist Primary Care Providers; Comment on “Non-physician Clinicians in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Evolving Role of Physicians”
The editorial “Non-physician Clinicians in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Evolving Role of Physicians” by Eyal et al describes non-physician clinicians’ (NPC) need for mentorship and support from physicians. We emphasise the same need of support for front line generalist primary healthcare providers who carry out complex tasks yet may have an inadequate skill mix.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3219_9071fc6d18cb94564d1f73a6f31e1a89.pdf
2016-10-01
605
606
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.77
Human Resources for Health
Primary Healthcare (PHC)
Mentorship
Supervision
Family Medicine
Africa
Vincent Kalumire
Cubaka
cukalvin@icloud.com
1
Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
LEAD_AUTHOR
Michael
Schriver
micschriver@gmail.com
2
Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
AUTHOR
Maaike
Flinkenflögel
maaike.cotc@gmail.com
3
University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
AUTHOR
Philip
Cotton
vc@ur.ac.rw
4
University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
AUTHOR
Eyal N, Cancedda C, Kyamanywa P, Hurst SA. Non-physician clinicians in sub-Saharan Africa and the evolving role of physicians. Int J Heal Policy Manag. 2015;5(3):149–53. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.215
1
National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR). Rwanda Statistical Yearbook. NISR; 2015.
2
Ministry of Health, Government of Kenya. 2013 Kenya household health expenditure and utilisation survey. Nairobi: Government of Kenya; 2014.
3
Starfield B, Shi L, Macinko J. Contribution of primary care to health systems and health. Milbank Q. 2005;83(3):457-502.
4
World Health Organization (WHO). The World Health Report 2008 - Primary Health Care Now More Than Ever. Geneva: WHO; 2008. http://www.who.int/whr/2008/whr08_en.pdf
5
Munjanja OK, Kibuka S, Delanyo D. The nursing workforce in sub-Saharan Africa. Geneva: WHO; 2005.
6
Binagwaho A, Kyamanywa P, Farmer PE, et al. The human resources for health program in Rwanda -- a new partnership. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2054-2059. doi:10.1056/NEJMsr1302176
7
Bailey C, Blake C, Schriver M, Cubaka VK, Thomas T, Martin Hilber A. A systematic review of supportive supervision as a strategy to improve primary healthcare services in Sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2016;132(1):117-25. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2015
8
De Maeseneer J. Scaling up family medicine and primary health care in Africa: Statement of the primafamed network, Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2013;5(1):1-3. doi:10.4102/phcfm.v5i1.507
9
De Maeseneer J. Primary health care in Africa: now more than ever! Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2009;1(1):132-134. doi:10.4102/phcfm.v1i1.112
10
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Decentralisation, Decision Space and Directions for Future Research; Comment on “Decentralisation of Health Services in Fiji: A Decision Space Analysis”
Decentralisation continues to re-appear in health system reform across the world. Evaluation of these reforms reveals how research on decentralisation continues to evolve. In this paper, we examine the theoretical foundations and empirical references which underpin current approaches to studying decentralisation in health systems.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3224_6c517687aca9ae3ca95b909f1cfee1d1.pdf
2016-10-01
607
608
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.76
Decentralisation
Health Policy
Decision Space
Maryam
Zahmatkesh
mz1381@yahoo.com
1
Kingston University, London, UK
AUTHOR
Mark
Exworthy
m.exworthy@bham.ac.uk
2
Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Bossert T. Analyzing the decentralization of health systems in developing countries: decision space, innovation and performance. Soc Sci Med. 1998;47(10):1513-1527. doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00234-2
1
Mohammed J, North N, Ashton T. Decentralisation of health services in Fiji: a decision space analysis. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;5(3):173-181. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.199
2
Exworthy M, Frosini F. Room for manoeuvre? Explaining local autonomy in the English National Health Service. Health Policy. 2008;86(2):204-212. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2007.10.008
3
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Implementing Health in All Policies – Time and Ideas Matter Too!; Comment on “Understanding the Role of Public Administration in Implementing Action on the Social Determinants of Health and Health Inequities”
Carey and Friel suggest that we turn to knowledge developed in the field of public administration, especially new public governance, to better understand the process of implementing health in all policies (HiAP). In this commentary, I claim that theories from the policy studies bring a broader view of the policy process, complementary to that of new public governance. Drawing on the policy studies, I argue that time and ideas matter to HiAP implementation, alongside with interests and institutions. Implementing HiAP is a complex process considering that it requires the involvement and coordination of several policy sectors, each with their own interests, institutions and ideas about the policy. Understanding who are the actors involved from the various policy sectors concerned, what context they evolve in, but also how they own and frame the policy problem (ideas), and how this has changed over time, is crucial for those involved in HiAP implementation so that they can relate to and work together with actors from other policy sectors.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3228_eb8d9ba9bb7eca9bb4e31aa1d6e31587.pdf
2016-10-01
609
610
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.81
Public Policy
Implementation
Policy Process
Carole
Clavier
clavier.carole@uqam.ca
1
Departement of Political Science, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Hendriks AM, Habraken J, Jansen MW, et al. ‘Are we there yet?,’ Operationalizing the concept of integrated public health policies. Health Policy. 2014;114(2-3):174-182. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2013.10.004
1
2. Ollila E. Health in all policies: from rhetoric to action. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39(Suppl 6):11-18.
2
3. Kickbusch I, Buckett K. Implementing Health in All Policies: Adelaide 2010. Adelaide: Department of Health, Government of South Australia; 2010.
3
4. Molnar A, Renahy E, O’Campo P, Muntaner C, Freiler A, Shankardass K. Using win-win strategies to implement health in all policies: a cross-case analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0147003. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147003
4
5. Carey G, Friel S. Understanding the role of public administration in implementing action on the social determinants of health and health inequities. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(12):795-798. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.185
5
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8. Warin P. Les politiques publiques face à la non-demande sociale. In: Borraz O, Guiraudon V, eds. Politiques publiques. 2, Changer la société. Paris: Presses de Sciences Po; 2010:287-312.
8
9. Sabatier PA, ed. Theories of the Policy Process. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press; 2007.
9
10. Clavier C, de Leeuw E, eds. Health Promotion and the Policy Process. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013.
10
11. Smith K. Beyond Evidence-Based Policy in Public Health: The Interplay of Ideas. New York: Palgrave Macmmillan; 2013.
11
12. Clavier C, Sénéchal Y, Vibert S, Potvin L. A theory-based model of translation in public health participatory research. Sociol Health Illn. 2012;34(5):791-805.
12
13. Hall PA. The role of interests, institutions and ideas in the comparative political economy of the industrialized nations. In: Lichbach M, Zuckerman A, eds. Comparative Politics. Rationality, Culture, and Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1997:174-207.
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14. Palier B, Surel Y. Les “Trois I” et l’analyse de l’État en action. Revue Française de Science Politique. 2005;55(1):7-32.
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15. Bossy T. Les différentes temporalités du changement: la mise sur agenda de l’obésité en France et au Royaume-Uni. In: Palier B, Surel Y, eds. Quand les politiques changent. Temporalités et niveaux de l’action publique. Paris: L’Harmattan; 2010:145-182.
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Looking Beyond FDA Warning Letters to Explore Unforeseen Trouble Spots in eDTCA: A Response to Recent Commentaries
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3240_dfc6a347eb61efd6874ed456b0a841ea.pdf
2016-10-01
611
612
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.92
Pharmaceutical
Direct-to-Consumer Advertising (DTCA)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Fair Balance of Information
Online Promotion of Prescription Drugs
Hyosun
Kim
hyosun.kim@uwsp.edu
1
Division of Communication, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Kim H. Trouble Spots in Online Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Promotion: A Content Analysis of FDA Warning Letters. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2015;4(12):813-821. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.157
1
Mackey TK. Digital direct-to-consumer advertising: a perfect storm of rapid evolution and stagnant regulation: Comment on “Trouble spots in online direct-to-consumer prescription drug promotion: a content analysis of FDA warning letters.” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(4):2271-2274. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.11
2
Mintzes B. The tip of the iceberg of misleading online advertising: Comment on “Trouble spots in online direct-to-consumer prescription drug promotion: a content analysis of FDA warning letters.” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(5):329-331. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.19
3
Southwell, Brian G. RDJ. Future challenges and opportunities in online prescription drug promotion research: Comment on “Trouble spots in online direct-to-consumer prescription drug promotion: a content analysis of FDA warning letters.” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(3):211-213. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.05
4
Liang BA, Mackey T. Direct-to-consumer advertising with interactive internet media: global regulation and public health issues. J Am Med Assoc. 2011;305(8):824-825. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.203
5
Gibson S. Regulating direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs in the digital age. Laws. 2014;3(3):410-438.
6
Wanasika I. the conundrum of online prescription drug promotion: Comment on “Trouble spots in online direct-to-consumer prescription drug promotion: a content analysis of FDA warning letters.” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(6):391-392. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.33
7
Dillman Carpentier FR. Considering the future of pharmaceutical promotions in social media: Comment on “Trouble spots in online direct-to-consumer prescription drug promotion: a content analysis of FDA warning letters.” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(4):283-285. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.15
8
Rollins BL. Still the Great Debate – “Fair balance” in direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising: Comment on “Trouble spots in online direct-to-consumer prescription drug promotion: a content analysis of FDA warning letters.” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(4):287-288. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.17
9
Sheehan K. Balancing acts: an analysis of Food and Drug Administration letters about direct-to-consumer advertising violations. J Public Policy Mark. 2003;22(2):159-169.
10
Hoy MG, Park JS. Principles in action: an examination of Food and Drug Administration letters involving violative internet promotions from 1997 to 2012. J Public Policy Mark. 2014;33(2):127-142. doi:10.1509/jppm.12.097
11
Doran E. Trouble spots in online direct-to-consumer prescription drug promotion: teaching drug marketers how to inform better or spin better? Comment on “Trouble spots in online direct-to-consumer prescription drug promotion: a content analysis of Fda warning letters. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(5):333-335. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.20
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gparisi. FTC to Pharma on Native Advertising: Proceed with Caution. Coalitation for Healthcare Communication website. http://www.cohealthcom.org/2016/04/18/ftc-to-pharma-on-native-advertising-proceed-with-caution/. Accessed June 23, 2016. Published July 1, 2016.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Without Explicit Targets, Does France Meet Minimum Volume Thresholds for Hip and Knee Replacement and Bariatric Surgeries?
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3249_31da161a9cda932ed4eeaede7c4204d5.pdf
2016-10-01
613
614
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.105
Minimum Volume Thresholds
Volume-Outcomes Relationships
Elective Surgery
France
Health Policy
William B.
Weeks
wbw@dartmouth.edu
1
The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Bruno
Ventelou
bruno.ventelou@inserm.fr
2
Aix-Marseille School of Economics (CNRS & EHESS), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
AUTHOR
Zeynep
Or
or@irdes.fr
3
Institut de recherché et documentation en économie de la santé, Paris, France
AUTHOR
Reames BN, Ghaferi AA, Birkmeyer JD, Dimick JB. Hospital volume and operative mortality in the modern era. Ann Surg. 2014;260(2):244-251. doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000000375
1
Sternberg S. Hospitals move to limit low-volume surgeries. US News and World Report. http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/05/19/hospitals-move-to-limit-low-volume-surgeries.
2
Com-Ruelle L, Or Z, Renaud T. The volume-outcomes relationship in hospitals: lessons from the literature. http://www.irdes.fr/EspaceAnglais/Publications/IrdesPublications/QES135.pdf. IRDES (The Institute for Research and Information in Health Economics); 2008.
3
ATIH. Agence Technique de l’Information sur l’Hospitalisation. http://www.atih.sante.fr/echelle-nationale-de-couts-par-ghm. Accessed March 8, 2016.
4
Classification Commune des Actes Médicaux (CCAM). http://www.ameli.fr/accueil-de-la-ccam/index.php. Accessed March 8, 2016.
5
Rauh SS, Wadsworth E, Weeks WB, Weinstein JN. The savings illusion: why quality improvement fails to deliver bottom-line results. New Engl J Med. 2011;365(26):e48. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1111662.
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