ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Four Challenges That Global Health Networks Face
Global health networks, webs of individuals and organizations with a shared concern for a particular condition, have proliferated over the past quarter century. They differ in their effectiveness, a factor that may help explain why resource allocations vary across health conditions and do not correspond closely with disease burden. Drawing on findings from recently concluded studies of eight global health networks—addressing alcohol harm, early childhood development (ECD), maternal mortality, neonatal mortality, pneumonia, surgically-treatable conditions, tobacco use, and tuberculosis—I identify four challenges that networks face in generating attention and resources for the conditions that concern them. The first is problem definition: generating consensus on what the problem is and how it should be addressed. The second is positioning: portraying the issue in ways that inspire external audiences to act. The third is coalition-building: forging alliances with these external actors, particularly ones outside the health sector. The fourth is governance: establishing institutions to facilitate collective action. Research indicates that global health networks that effectively tackle these challenges are more likely to garner support to address the conditions that concern them. In addition to the effectiveness of networks, I also consider their legitimacy, identifying reasons both to affirm and to question their right to exert power.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3320_7d9663433a1ff477bb10b169b3b7ee2b.pdf
2017-04-01
183
189
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.14
Global Health Networks
Effectiveness
Framing
Governance
Coalition-Building
Jeremy
Shiffman
jeremy.shiffman@jhu.edu
1
Department of Public Administration and Policy, School of Public Affairs, American University, Washington, DC, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Shiffman J, Quissell K, Schmitz HP, et al. A framework on the emergence and effectiveness of global health networks. Health Policy Plan 2016; 31(suppl 1): 3–16.
1
2Shiffman J. Networks and global health governance. Health Policy Plan. 2016; 31(suppl 1): i1-i2.
2
Shiffman J, Schmitz HP, Berlan D, Smith SL, Quissell K, Gneiting U, Pelletier D. The emergence and effectiveness of global health networks: findings and future research. Health Policy Plan. 2016; 31(suppl 1): i110-i123.
3
Quissell K, Walt G. The challenge of sustaining effectiveness over time: the case of the global network to stop tuberculosis. Health Policy Plan. 2016; 31(suppl 1): 17–32.
4
Berlan D. Pneumonia’s second wind? A case study of the global health network for childhood pneumonia. Health Policy Plan. 2016; 31(suppl 1): 33–47.
5
Smith SL, Rodriguez MA. Agenda setting for maternal survival: the power of global health networks and norms. Health Policy Plan. 2016; 31(suppl 1): 48–59.
6
Shiffman J. Network advocacy and the emergence of global attention to newborn survival. Health Policy Plan. 2016a; 31(suppl 1): 60–73.
7
Gneiting U. From global agenda-setting to domestic implementation: successes and challenges of the global health network on tobacco control. Health Policy Plan. 2016; 31(suppl 1): 74–86.
8
Schmitz HP. The global health network on alcohol control: successes and limits of evidence-based advocacy. Health Policy Plan. 2016; 31(suppl 1): 87–97.
9
Gneiting U, Schmitz HP. Comparing global alcohol and tobacco control efforts: network formation and evolution in international health governance. Health Policy Plan. 2016; 31(suppl 1): 98–109.
10
Smith SL, Shiffman J. Setting the global health agenda: the influence of advocates and ideas on political priority for maternal and newborn survival. Soc Sci Med 2016; 166: 86–93.
11
Shawar YR, Shiffman J. Generation of global political priority for early childhood development: the challenges of framing and governance. Lancet. 2017; 389: 119–124.
12
Shawar YR, Shiffman J, Spiegel DA. Generation of political priority for global surgery: a qualitative policy analysis. Lancet Global Health. 2015; 3: e487-e495.
13
Goffman E. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of the Experience. New York: Harper Colophon; 1974.
14
Benford RD, Snow DA. Framing processes and social movements: an overview and assessment. Ann Rev Soc. 2000; 26: 611–639.
15
Stone DA. Causal stories and the formation of policy agendas. Polit Sci Q. 1989; 104: 281-300.
16
Hodgson D, Watkins SC. Feminists and neo-Malthusians: past and present alliances. Popul Dev Rev. 1997; 23: 469-523.
17
Harris PG, Siplon PD. The Global Politics of AIDS. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers; 2007.
18
Prins G. AIDS and global security. International Affairs 2004; 80: 931-952.
19
Shiffman J, Smith S. Generation of political priority for global health initiatives: a framework and case study of maternal mortality. Lancet. 2007; 370: 1370-1379.
20
Hilgartner S, Bosk CL. The rise and fall of social problems: a public arenas model. Am J Soc. 1988; 94: 53-78.
21
Koon AD, Hawkins B, Mayhew SH. Framing and the health policy process: a scoping review. Health Policy Plan. 2016; 31: 801-816.
22
McInnes C, Lee K. Framing and global health governance: key findings. Global Public Health. 2012; 7: S191-S198.
23
Provan KG, Kenis P. Modes of network governance: structure, management, and effectiveness. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 2008; 18: 229-252.
24
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Financing global health 2014: shifts in funding as the MDG era closes. Seattle, WA: IHME; 2015.
25
Darmstadt GL, Kinney MV, Chopra M, et al. Who has been caring for the baby? Lancet. 2014; 384: 174-188.
26
World Health Organization, UNICEF. Global Immunization Data. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2015.
27
World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2013. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2013.
28
World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Report 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2014.
29
Eriksen M, Mackay J, Ross H. The Tobacco Atlas. 4th ed. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2012.
30
World Health Organization. Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2014.
31
Dahl R. Polyarchy: participation and opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press; 1971.
32
Daniels N. Accountability for reasonableness in private and public health insurance. In: Coulter A, Ham C, eds. The global challenge of health care rationing. Buckingham: Open University Press; 2000: 89-106.
33
Schmidt VA. Democracy and legitimacy in the European Union revisited: input, output and ‘throughput.’ Polit Stud. 2013; 61: 2-22.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Diplomacy and Health: The End of the Utilitarian Era
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), as a system of allocative efficiency for global health programs, is an influential criterion for resource allocation in the context of diplomacy and inherent foreign policy decisions therein. This is because such programs have diplomatic benefits and costs that can be uploaded from the recipient and affect the broader foreign policy interests of the donor and the diplomacy landscape between both parties. These diplomatic implications are vital to the long-term success of both the immediate program and any subsequent programs; hence it is important to articulate them alongside program performance, in terms of how well their interrelated interventions were perceived by the communities served. Consequently, the exclusive focus of cost-effectiveness on medical outcomes ignores (1) the potential non-health benefits of less cost-effective interventions and (2) the potential of these collateral gains to form compelling cases across the interdisciplinary spectrum to increase the overall resource envelope for global health. The assessment utilizes the Kevany Riposte’s “K-Scores” methodology, which has been previously applied as a replicable evaluation tool1 and assesses the trade-offs of highly costeffective but potentially “undiplomatic” global health interventions. Ultimately, we apply this approach to selected HIV/AIDS interventions to determine their wider benefits and demonstrate the value alternative evaluation and decision-making methodologies. Interventions with high “K-Scores” should be seriously considered for resource allocation independent of their cost-effectiveness. “Oregon Plan” thresholds2 are neither appropriate nor enforceable in this regard while “K-Score” results provide contextual information to policy-makers who may have, to date, considered only cost-effectiveness data. While CEA is a valuable tool for resource allocation, its use as a utilitarian focus should be approached with caution. Policy-makers and global health program managers should take into account a wide range of outcomes before agreeing upon selection and implementation.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3306_900cbd86f1b05da05a40aaf9b81689aa.pdf
2017-04-01
191
194
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.155
Diplomacy
Cost-Effectiveness
Threshold
Resource Allocation
Sebastian
Kevany
sebastian.kevany@ucsf.edu
1
University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
LEAD_AUTHOR
Marcus
Matthews
mm@amurcon.eu
2
Amur Consultancy, Dublin, Ireland
AUTHOR
Kevany S. Diplomatic advantages & threats in global health program selection, design, delivery and implementation: the development and application of the Kevany Riposte. Global Health. 2015;11: 22. doi:10.1186/s12992-015-0108-x
1
Oberlander J, Marmor T, Jacobs L. Rationing medical care: rhetoric and reality in the Oregon Health Plan. CMAJ. 2001;164(11):1583-1587.
2
Marseille E, Hofmann PB, Kahn JG. HIV prevention before HAART in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet. 2002;359(9320):1851-1856.
3
Weinstein MC, Siegel JE, Gold MR, Kamlet MS, Russell LB. Recommendations of the Panel on Cost-effectiveness in Health and Medicine. JAMA. 1996;276(15):1253-1258.
4
Kevany S, Benatar SR, Fleischer T. Improving resource allocation decisions for health and HIV programmes in South Africa: Bioethical, cost-effectiveness and health diplomacy considerations. Glob Public Health. 2013;8(5):570-587. doi:10.1080/17441692.2013.790461
5
Heywood M. South Africa's treatment action campaign: combining law and social mobilization to realize the right to health. J Hum Rights Pract. 2009;1(1):14-36.
6
Creese A, Floyd K, Alban A, Guinness L. Cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS interventions in Africa: a systematic review of the evidence. Lancet. 2002;359(9318):1635-1643
7
Collins C, Isbell M, Sohn A, Klindera K. Four principles for expanding PEPFAR's role as a vital force in US health diplomacy abroad. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012;31(7):1578-1584. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2012.0204
8
Miller GP. Circumcision: a cultural-legal analysis. Virginia Journal of Social Policy and the Law. 2002;7:497-537.
9
Kevany S. Global health diplomacy, ‘smart power’, and the new world order. Glob Public Health. 2014;9(7):787-807. doi:10.1080/17441692.2014.921219.
10
Goosby E, Dybul M, Fauci AS, et al. The United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief: a story of partnerships and smart investments to turn the tide of the global AIDS pandemic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;60 Suppl 3:S51-S56. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31825ca721
11
Khumalo-Sakutukwa G, Morin SF, Fritz K, et al. Project Accept (HPTN 043): a community-based intervention to reduce HIV incidence in populations at risk for HIV in sub-Saharan Africa and Thailand. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;49(4):422-431. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31818a6cb5
12
Dietrich JW. The politics of PEPFAR: the president’s emergency plan for AIDS relief. Ethics Int Aff. 2007;21(3):277-292. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7093.2007.00100.x
13
McCoy D, Chand S, Sridhar D. Global health funding: how much, where it comes from and where it goes. Health Policy Plan. 2009;24(6):407-417. doi:10.1093/heapol/czp026
14
Kevany S, Khumalo-Sakutukwa G, Murima O, et al. Health diplomacy and the adaptation of global health interventions to local needs in sub-Saharan Africa and Thailand: evaluating findings from Project Accept (HPTN 043). BMC Public Health. 2012;12:459. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-459
15
Walensky RP, Kuritzkes DR. The impact of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPfAR) beyond HIV and why it remains essential. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(2):272-275.
16
Piot P, Coll Seck AM. International response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic: planning for success. Bull World Health Organ. 2001;79(12):1106-1112.
17
Ravishankar N, Gubbins P, Cooley RJ, et al. Financing of global health: tracking development assistance for health from 1990 to 2007. Lancet. 2009;373(9681):2113-2124. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60881-3
18
Fidler DP. Rise and fall of global health as a foreign policy issue. Glob Health Gov. 2011;4(2):1-12.
19
Fidler DP. After the revolution: global health politics in a time of economic crisis and threatening future trends. Glob Health Gov. 2009;2(2):1-21.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Sustainability of Long-term Care: Puzzling Tasks Ahead for Policy-Makers
Background The sustainability of long-term care (LTC) is a prominent policy priority in many Western countries. LTC is one of the most pressing fiscal issues for the growing population of elderly people in the European Union (EU) Member States. Country recommendations regarding LTC are prominent under the EU’s European Semester. Methods This paper examines challenges related to the financial- and organizational sustainability of LTC systems in the EU. We combined a targeted literature review and a descriptive selected country analysis of: (1) public- and private funding; (2) informal care and externalities; and (3) the possible role of technology in increasing productivity. Countries were selected via purposive sampling to establish a cohort of country cases covering the spectrum of differences in LTC systems: public spending, private funding, informal care use, informal care support, and cash benefits. Results The aging of the population, the increasing gap between availability of informal care and demand for LTC, substantial market failures of private funding for LTC, and fiscal imbalances in some countries, have led to structural reforms and enduring pressures for LTC policy-makers across the EU. Our exploration of national policies illustrates different solutions that attempt to promote fairness while stimulating efficient delivery of services. Important steps must be taken to address the sustainability of LTC. First, countries should look deeper into the possibilities of complementing public- and private funding, as well as at addressing market failures of private funding. Second, informal care externalities with spill-over into neighboring policy areas, the labor force, and formal LTC workers, should be properly addressed. Thirdly, innovations in LTC services should be stimulated to increase productivity through technology and process innovations, and to reduce costs. Conclusion The analysis shows why it is difficult for EU Member State governments to meet all their goals for sustainable LTC, given the demographic- and fiscal circumstances, and the complexities of LTC systems. It also shows the usefulness to learn from policy design and implementation of LTC policy in other countries, within and outside the EU. Researchers can contribute by studying conditions, under which the strategies explored might deliver solutions for policy-makers
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3254_818d9f81065e84202e9116593ff23d71.pdf
2017-04-01
195
205
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.109
Long-term Care (LTC)
Healthcare Reform
Belgium
England
France
Italy
The Netherlands
Ilaria
Mosca
ilaria.mosca@ecorys.com
1
Division of Health Systems and Public Health, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
AUTHOR
Philip J.
van der Wees
philip.vanderwees@radboudumc.nl
2
Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
LEAD_AUTHOR
Esther S.
Mot
e.s.mot@cpb.nl
3
CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis, The Hague, The Netherlands
AUTHOR
Joost J.G.
Wammes
joost.wammes@radboudumc.nl
4
Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
AUTHOR
Patrick P.T.
Jeurissen
patrick.jeurissen@radboudumc.nl
5
Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
AUTHOR
European Commission. The 2015 ageing report: Economic and budgetary projections for the 28 EU Member States (2013-2060). European Economy 3. Brussels: European Commission; 2015.
1
European Commission. 2014 European Semester: Country-specific recommendations. Building growth. Brussels: European Commission; 2014.
2
Colombo F, Llena-Nozal A, Mercier J, Tjadens F. Help Wanted? Providing and paying for long-term care: OECD; 2011.
3
Baumol WJ. The Cost Disease: Why Computers Get Cheaper and Health Care Doesn't. New Haven: Yale University Press; 2012.
4
Meagher G, Szebehely M. Marketisation in Nordic eldercare: a research report on legislation, oversight, extent and consequences. Stockholm: Stockholm University; 2013.
5
Kraus M, Riedel M, Mort E, Willeme P, Rohrling G, Czypionka T. A Typology of Long-Term Care Systems in Europe. ENEPRI Research report No.91: European Network of Economic Policy Research Institutes (ENEPRI); 2010.
6
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). OECD Statistics 2013. http://stats.oecd.org/. Accessed December 31, 2015.
7
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Health Data. 2013. http://www.oecd.org/els/healthsystems/health-data.htm. Accessed August 31, 2015.
8
Mot E, Faber R, Geerts J, Willeme J. Performance of long-term care systems in Europe. ENEPRI Research Report No. 117. Brussels: European Network of Economic Policy Research Institutes (ENEPRI); 2012.
9
Comas-Herrera A, Pickard L, Wittenberg R, Malley J, Kind D. The long-term care system for the elderly in England. Brussels: ENEPRI Research Report No. 74, CEPS; 2010.
10
Gheera M, Long R. Social Care Reform: funding care for the future (SN/SP/6391). London: House of Commons; 2013.
11
Dilnot A, Warner N, Wiiliams J. Fairer care funding. The Report of the Commission of Funding of Care and Support. London: Department of Health; 2011.
12
The Care Bill – reforming what and people pay for their care and support (factsheet 6). London: Department of Health; King's Fund; 2013.
13
Seelib-Kaiser M. Pensions, health and long-term care: United Kingdom. Cologne, Germany: ASISP; 2013.
14
Kaiser Foundation. Medicaid and Long-Term Services and Supports: A Primer. http://kff.org/medicaid/report/medicaid-and-long-term-services-and-supports-a-primer/. Accessed December 12, 2015.
15
Doty P, Nadash P, Racco N. Long-term care financing: lessons from France. Milbank Q. 2015;93(2):359-391. doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12125
16
Pauly MV. The rational nonpurchase of long-term-care insurance. J Polit Econ. 1990;98(1):153-168.
17
Cramer AT, Jensen GA. Why don't people buy long-term-care insurance? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2006;61(4):S185-193.
18
Courbage C, Roudaut N. Emerical Evidence on Long-term Care Insurance Purchase in France. The Geneva Papers. 2008;33:645-658.
19
Brown JR, Finkelstein A. Why is the market for long-term care insurance so small? J Public Econ. 2007;28(1):143-154.
20
Le Bihan B, Martin C. Reforming long-term care policy in France: private-public complimentaries. Soc Policy Adm. 2010;44(4):392-410. Doi:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2010.00720.x
21
Courbage C, Plisson M. Financing long-term care in France. In: Costa-Font J, Courbage C, eds. Financing long-term care in Europe: Institutions, Markets and Models. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan; 2012.
22
Mayhew L, Karlsson M, Rickayzen B. The role of private finance in paying for long-term care. Econ J. 2010;120(548):F478-F504. Doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02388.x
23
Lafrerre A. Housing wealth as self-insurance for long-term care. In: Costa-Font J, Courbage C, eds. Financing Long-term Care in Europe: Institutions, Markets and Models. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan; 2012:75-90.
24
Khadani AE, Andrew WL, Merton RC. Systemic risk and the refinancing ratchet effect. Journal of Financian Economics. 2013;108(1):29-45.
25
Triantafillou J, Naiditch M, Repkova K. Informal care in the long-term care system. European overview paper. Athens/Vienna: Euro Centre; 2010.
26
Courtin E, Jemiai N, Mossialos E. Mapping support policies for informal carers across the European Union. Health policy. 2014;118(1):84-94. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.07.013
27
Pinquart M, Sorensen S. Correlates of physical health of informal caregivers: a meta-analysis. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2007;62(2):P126-137.
28
Vitaliano PP, Zhang J, Scanlan JM. Is caregiving hazardous to one's physical health? A meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2003;129(6):946-972. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.6.946
29
Rijksoverheid. Hervorming Langdurige Zorg. Den Haag: Rijksoverheid; 2014.
30
Bolin K, Lindgren B, Lundborg P. Informal and formal care among single-living elderly in Europe. Health Econ. 2008;17(3):393-409. doi:10.1002/hec.1275
31
Romoren TI. The carer careers of son and daughter primary carers of their very old parents in Norway. Ageing Soc. 2003;23(4):471-485.
32
Bonsang E. Does informal care from children to their elderly parents substitute for formal care in Europe? J Health Econ. 2009;28(1):143-154. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2008.09.002
33
Willeme P. The Long-Term Care system for the elderly in Belgium. Brussels: European Network of Economic Policy Research Institutes; 2010.
34
Van den Bosch K, Willeme P, Geerts J, et al. Future demand for residential care for the elderly in Belgium: Projections 2011-2025 (Toekomstige behoefte aan residentiële ouderenzorg in België: Projecties 2011-2025). Brussels: Federaal Kenniscentrum voor de Gezondheidszorg (KCE); 2011.
35
Gerkens S, Merkur S. Belgium: Health system review. Health Syst Transit. 2010;12(5):1-266.
36
Rodrigues R, Glendinning C. Choice, competition and care - developments in English social care and the impacts on providers and older users of home care services. Soc Policy Adm. 2015;49(5):649-664.
37
Moran N, Arksey H, Glendinning C, Jones K, Netten A, Rabiee P. Personalization abd carers: Whose rights? Whose benefits? Br J Soc Work. 2012;42:461-479.
38
Costa-Font J, Zigante V. Long Term Care Coverage in Europe: A Case for ‘Implicit Insurance Partnerships.’ London: LSE Health; 2014.
39
Nadash P, Doty P, Mahoney KJ, Von Schwanenflugel M. European long-term care programs: lessons for community living assistance services and supports? Health Serv Res. 2012;47(1 Pt 1):309-328. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2011.01334.x
40
Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau (SCP). De opmars van het pgb. De ontwikkeling van het persoonsgebonden budget in nationaal en internationaal perspectief. Den haag: SCP; 2011.
41
van Ginneken E, Groenewegen PP, McKee M. Personal healthcare budgets: what can England learn from the Netherlands? BMJ. 2012;344:e1383. doi:10.1136/bmj.e1383
42
Da Roit B. The Netherlands: the struggle between universlism and cost containment. Health Soc Care Community. 2012;20(3):228-237.
43
Non M, van der Torre A, Mot E, Eggink E, Douven R. Hervorming langdurige zorg moet zich nog bewijzen. Me Judicewebsite. http://www.mejudice.nl/artikelen/detail/hervorming-langdurige-zorg-moet-zich-nog-bewijzen. PublishedOctober 22, 2015.
44
Non M, van der Torre A, Mot E, Eggink E, Bakx P, Douven R. Keuzeruimte in de langdurige zorg: Veranderingen in het samenspel van zorgpartijen en cliënten. Den Haag: Centraal Planbureau; Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau; 2015.
45
Le Bihan B. The redefinition of the familialist home care model in France: the complex formalization of care through cash payment. Health Soc Care Community. 2012;20(3):238-246. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2011.01051.x
46
Costa G. Long-term care italian politics: a case of intertial institutional change. In: Costa-Font J, ed. Reforming Long-Term Care in Europe. Chisester West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011:221-241.
47
Van Houtven CH, Coe NB, Skira MM. The effect of informal care on work and wages. J Health Econ. 2013;32(1):240-252. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.10.006
48
Rossi Mori A, Dandi R, Mazzeo M, Verbicaro R, Mercurio G. Technological Solutions Potentially Influencing the Future of Long-Term Care. ENEPRI Research Report No. 114. Brussels: CEPS; 2012.
49
Mazzeo M, Agnello P, Rossi Mori A. Role and Potential Influence of Technologies on the Most Relevant Challenges for Long-Term Care. ENEPRI Research Report No. 113. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS); 2012.
50
Haberkern K, Schmid T, Neuberger F, Grignon M. The role of the elderly as providers and recipients of care. Paris: OECD; 2011.
51
Vimarlund V, Olve NG. Economic Analysis for ICT in Elderly Healthcare: Questions and Challenges. Health Informatics J. 2005;11(4):309-321.
52
Torp S, Hanson E, Hauge S, Ulstein I, Magnusson L. A pilot study of how information and communication technology may contribute to health promotion among elderly spousal carers in Norway. Health Soc Care Community. 2008;16(1):75-85. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2007.00725.x
53
Henderson C, Knapp M, Fernandez JL, et al. Cost-effectiveness of telecare for people with social care needs: the Whole Systems Demonstrator cluster randomised trial. Age Ageing. 2014. doi:10.1093/ageing/afu067
54
Henderson C, Knapp M, Fernandez JL, et al. Cost effectiveness of telehealth for patients with long term conditions (Whole Systems Demonstrator telehealth questionnaire study): nested economic evaluation in a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2013;346:f1035. doi:10.1136/bmj.f1035
55
Hirani SP, Beynon M, Cartwright M, et al. The effect of telecare on the quality of life and psychological well-being of elderly recipients of social care over a 12-month period: the Whole Systems Demonstrator cluster randomised trial. Age and ageing. 2014;43(3):334-341. doi:10.1093/ageing/aft185
56
Dumaij AC. Productiviteitstrends in de sector verpleging, verzorging, en thuiszorg. Een empirisch onderzoek naar het effect van regulering op productiviteit 1972-2010. Delft: TU Delft, IPSE Studies; 2011.
57
Rijksoverheid. Wet Maatschappelijke Ondersteuning. Den Haag: Rijksoverheid; 2014.
58
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Barriers to the Implementation of the Health and Rehabilitation Articles of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in South Africa
Background The United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) is a milestone in the recognition of the human rights of persons with disabilities, including the right to health and rehabilitation. South Africa has signed and ratified the CRPD but still has a long way to go in reforming policies and systems in order to be in compliance with the convention. This paper seeks to fill a gap in the literature by exploring what the barriers to the implementation of the health and rehabilitation articles of the CRPD are, as identified by representatives of the disability community. Methods This investigation used a qualitative, exploratory methodology. 10 semi-structured interviews of a purposive sample of representatives of disabled persons organizations (DPOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and service providers in South Africa were conducted. Participants were drawn from urban, peri-urban, and rural settings in order to reflect diverse perspectives within South Africa. Data was analysed using a multi-stage coding process to establish the main categories and relationships between them. Results Six main categories of barriers to the implementation of the health and rehabilitation articles of the CRPD were identified. Attitude barriers including stigma and negative assumptions about persons with disabilities were seen as an underlying cause and influence on all of the other categories; which included political, financial, health systems, physical, and communication barriers. Conclusion The findings of this study have important implications for strategies and actions to implement the CRPD. Given the centrality of attitudinal barriers, greater sensitization around the area of disability is needed. Furthermore, disability should be better integrated and mainstreamed into more general initiatives to develop the health system and improve the lives of persons living in poverty in South Africa.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3266_6eb219fe6b5cec3c12d4c45faf40deb8.pdf
2017-04-01
207
218
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.117
Disability
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)
South Africa
Implementation
Barriers
Meghan
Hussey
husseyme@tcd.ie
1
Centre for Global Health, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
LEAD_AUTHOR
Malcolm
MacLachlan
malcolm.maclachlan@tcd.ie
2
School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
AUTHOR
Gubela
Mji
gumji@sun.ac.za
3
Centre for Rehabilitation Studies, Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
AUTHOR
World Health Organization (WHO). World report on disability. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2011.
1
Disability Division for Social Policy and Development. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities [A/RES/61/106]. 2007; https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/resources/general-assembly/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities-ares61106.html. Published 2007.
2
Schulze M. Understanding the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Handicap International;2009.
3
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York: United Nations; 2016.
4
Africa UCTS. Accelerating the implementation of the UNCRPD in South Africa. http://www.za.undp.org/content/south_africa/en/home/operations/projects/poverty_reduction/accelerating-the-implementation-of-the-uncrpd-in-south-africa.html. Published 2013.
5
Statistics South Africa. General Household Survey. Pretoria; 2010.
6
Graham L, Moodley J, Ismail Z, Munsaka E, Ross E, Schneider M. Poverty and disability in South Africa: Research report. https://www.uj.ac.za/faculties/humanities/csda/Documents/Poverty_Disability%20Report%20FINAL%20July%202014%20Web.pdf. Published 2014.
7
UNICEF. Children with Disabilities in South Africa: A Situation Analysis: 2001-2011. http://www.unicef.org/southafrica/SAF_resources_sitandisability.pdf. Published 2012.
8
Department for International Development. Better global disability data needed to ensure no one is left behind. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/better-global-disability-data-needed-to-ensure-no-one-is-left-behind--2. Published October 23, 2014
9
McKenzie J, Mji G, Gcaza S. With or without us? An audit of disability research in the southern African region. African Journal of Disability. 2014;3(2):1-6. doi:10.4102/ajod.v3i2.76
10
Chalklen S, Seutloadi K, Sadek S. Literature Review. Bulamoyo: South African Federation for the Disabled; 2009.
11
DiCicco‐Bloom B, Crabtree BF. The qualitative research interview. Med Educ. 2006;40(4):314-321. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x
12
Whiting LS. Semi-structured interviews: guidance for novice researchers. Nurs Stand. 2008;22(23):35-40. doi:10.7748/ns2008.02.22.23.35.c6420
13
Strauss A, Corbin JM. Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage Publications Inc; 1990.
14
Corbin JM, Strauss A. Grounded theory research: procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qual Sociol. 1990;13(1):3-21. doi:10.1007/bf00988593
15
Charmaz K. Reconstructing grounded theory. In: The SAGE Handbook of Social Research Methods. Los Angeles: Sage. 2008:461-478.
16
Tomlinson M, Swartz L, Officer A, Chan KY, Rudan I, Saxena S. Research priorities for health of people with disabilities: an expert opinion exercise. Lancet. 2009;374(9704):1857-1862. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61910-3
17
SAHR Commission. Towards a Barrier-free Society: A Report on Accessibility and Built Environments. South African Human Rights Commission; 2002.
18
Mall S, Swartz L. Sexuality, disability and human rights: strengthening healthcare for disabled people. S Afr Med J. 2012;102(10):792-793.
19
Hoefmans A, De Beco G. The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: an Integral and Integrated Approach to the Implementation of Disability Rights. http://repositoriocdpd.net:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/701/Inf_HoefmansA_UNConventionDisabilities_2010.pdf?sequence=1. Published 2014.
20
Groce NE, Rohleder P, Eide AH, MacLachlan M, Mall S, Swartz L. HIV issues and people with disabilities: a review and agenda for research. Soc Sci Med. 2013;77:31-40. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.10.024
21
Lang R, Kett M, Groce N, Trani JF. Implementing the United Nations Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities: principles, implications, practice and limitations. ALTER - European Journal of Disability Research / Revue Européenne de Recherche sur le Handicap. 2011;5(3):206-220. doi:10.1016/j.alter.2011.02.004
22
Visagie S, Scheffler E, Schneider M. Policy implementation in wheelchair service delivery in a rural South African setting. African Journal of Disability. 2013;2(1):1-9. doi:10.4102/ajod.v2i1.63
23
Schneider M, Eide AH, Amin M, MacLachlan M, Mannan H. Inclusion of vulnerable groups in health policies: Regional policies on health priorities in Africa. African Journal of Disability. 2013;2(1):1-9. doi:10.4102/ajod.v2i1.40
24
Banks LM, Polack S. The Economic Costs of Exclusion and Gains of Inclusion of People with Disabilities. Cambridge, UK: CBM/International Centre for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; 2014.
25
Yeo R. Chronic poverty and disability. Working Paper No. 4. Manchester: Chronic Poverty Research Centre; 2001.
26
Beresford P. Poverty and disabled people: Challenging dominant debates and policies. Disabil Soc. 1996;11(4):553-568. doi:10.1080/09687599627598
27
Braithwaite J, Mont D. Disability and poverty: a survey of World Bank poverty assessments and implications. ALTER-European Journal of Disability Research/Revue Européenne de Recherche sur le Handicap. 2009;3(3):219-232.
28
Trani JF, Loeb M. Poverty and disability: a vicious circle? Evidence from Afghanistan and Zambia. J Int Dev. 2012;24(S1):S19-S52. doi:10.1002/jid.1709
29
Yeo R, Moore K. Including disabled people in poverty reduction work: “Nothing about us, without us.” World Dev. 2003;31(3):571-590.
30
Farmer P. Pathologies of power: rethinking health and human rights. Am J Public Health. 1999;89(10):1486-1496.
31
Wagstaff A. Poverty and health sector inequalities. Bull World Health Organ. 2002;80(2):97-105.
32
Marmot M. Social determinants of health inequalities. Lancet. 2005;365(9464):1099-1104.
33
Wilkinson RG, Pickett KE. Income inequality and population health: a review and explanation of the evidence. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62(7):1768-1784.
34
Lehohla P. Poverty Trends in South Africa: An examination of absolute poverty between 2006 and 2011. Statistics South Africa. 2014.
35
Braathen SH, Vergunst R, Mji G, Mannan H, Swartz L. Understanding the local context for the application of global mental health: a rural South African experience. Int Health. 2013;5(1):38-42. doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihs016
36
Grut L, Mji G, Braathen SH, Ingstad B. Accessing community health services: challenges faced by poor people with disabilities in a rural community in South Africa. African Journal of Disability. 2012;1(1):1-7.
37
East CJ. An investigation of the lived reality of the disjuncture between policy and practice in the implementation of South Africa's disability grant. https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/10442. Published 2012.
38
Louw DJ. The African concept of Ubuntu. In: Sullivan D, Tifft L, eds. Handbook of restorative justice: a global perspective. London: Routledge; 2006:161-174.
39
Mji G, Gcaza S, Swartz L, MacLachlan M, Hutton B. An African way of networking around disability. Disabil Soc. 2011;26(3):365-368.
40
Ingstad B. Community Based Rehabilitation in Botswana. The Myth of the Hidden Children. Queenston: The Edwin Mellen Press; 1997.
41
Ashton B. Promoting the Rights of Disabled Children Globally–Disabled Children Become Adults: Some Implications. Somerset: Action on Disability & Development; 1999:397-534.
42
Loeb M, Eide AH, Jelsma J, Toni Mk, Maart S. Poverty and disability in eastern and western cape provinces, South Africa. Disabil Soc. 2008;23(4):311-321. doi:10.1080/09687590802038803
43
Graham L, Moodley J, Selipsky L. The disability–poverty nexus and the case for a capabilities approach: evidence from Johannesburg, South Africa. Disabil Soc. 2013;28(3):324-337. doi:10.1080/09687599.2012.710011
44
Ataguba JE, McIntyre D. Paying for and receiving benefits from health services in South Africa: is the health system equitable? Health Policy Plann. 2012;27(suppl 1):i35-i45. doi:10.1093/heapol/czs005
45
Ataguba JE, Day C, McIntyre D. Monitoring and evaluating progress towards universal health coverage in South Africa. PLoS Med. 2014;11(9):e1001686. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001686
46
World Health Organization (WHO). CBR: A Strategy for Rehabilitation, Equalization of Opportunities, Poverty Reduction and, Social Inclusion of People With Disabilities. Geneva: WHO; 2004.
47
Dolan C, Concha M, Nyathi E. Community rehabilitation workers: do they offer hope to disabled people in South Africa's rural areas? Int J Rehabil Res. 1995;18(3):187-200.
48
Rule S, Lorenzo T, Wolmarans M, et al. Community-based rehabilitation: new challenges. In: Watermeyer B, Swartz L, Lorenzo T, eds. Disability and social change: A South African agenda. Cape Town: HSRC press;2006:273-290.
49
Brinkmann G. Unpaid CBR work force: between incentives and exploitation. Asia Pacific Disability Rehabilitation Journal. 2004;15(1):90-94.
50
Law FB. Developing a policy analysis framework to establish level of access and equity embedded in South African health policies for people with disabilities. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University; 2008.
51
Maart S, Jelsma J. Disability and access to health care–a community based descriptive study. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36(18):1489-1493.
52
Saloojee G, Phohole M, Saloojee H, Ijsselmuiden C. Unmet health, welfare and educational needs of disabled children in an impoverished South African peri‐urban township. Child Care Health Dev. 2007;33(3):230-235.
53
Kritzinger J, Schneider M, Swartz L, Braathen SH. “I just answer ‘yes’ to everything they say”: Access to health care for deaf people in Worcester, South Africa and the politics of exclusion. Patient Educ Couns. 2014;94(3):379-383. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2013.12.006
54
Haricharan HJ, Heap M, Coomans F, London L. Can we talk about the right to healthcare without language? A critique of key international human rights law, drawing on the experiences of a Deaf woman in Cape Town, South Africa. Disabil Soc. 2013;28(1):54-66.
55
MacLachlan M. Culture & Health: A Critical Perspective Towards Global Health. Chichester: Wiley; 2006.
56
Kachaje R, Dube K, MacLachlan M, Mji G. The African Network for Evidence-to-Action on Disability: A role player in the realisation of the UNCRPD in Africa. African Journal of Disability. 2014;3(2):1-5.
57
Mji G, Chappell P, Statham S, et al. Understanding the current discourse of rehabilitation: With reference to disability models and rehabilitation policies for evaluation research in the South African Setting. South African Journal of Physiotherapy. 2013;69(2):4-9.
58
MacLachlan M, Mji G, Chataika T, et al. Facilitating disability inclusion in poverty reduction processes: group consensus perspectives from disability stakeholders in Uganda, Malawi, Ethiopia, and Sierra Leone. Disability & the Global South. 2014;1(1):107-127.
59
60. MacLachlan M, Mannan H, Huss T, Munthali A, Amin M. Policies and processes for social inclusion: using equiframe and equipp for policy dialogue: Comment on" Are sexual and reproductive health policies designed for all? Vulnerable groups in policy documents of four European countries and their involvement in policy development." Int J Health olicy Manag. 2015 16;5(3):193-196. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.200
60
Iacono T, Murray V. Issues of informed consent in conducting medical research involving people with intellectual disability. J Appl Res Intellect Disabil. 2003;16(1):41-51. doi:10.1046/j.1468-3148.2003.00141.x
61
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Changes in Socio-Economic Inequality in Neonatal Mortality in Iran Between 1995-2000 and 2005-2010: An Oaxaca Decomposition Analysis
Background Exploring changes in health inequality and its determinants over time is of policy interest. Accordingly, this study aimed to decompose inequality in neonatal mortality into its contributing factors and then explore changes from 1995-2000 to 2005-2010 in Iran. Methods Required data were drawn from two Iran’s demographic and health survey (DHS) conducted in 2000 and 2010. Normalized concentration index (CI) was used to measure the magnitude of inequality in neonatal mortality. The contribution of various determinants to inequality was estimated by decomposing concentration indices in 1995-2000 and 2005-2010. Finally, changes in inequality were investigated using Oaxaca-type decomposition technique. Results Pro-rich inequality in neonatal mortality was declined by 16%, ie, the normalized CI dropped from -0.1490 in 1995-2000 to -0.1254 in 2005-2010. The largest contribution to inequality was attributable to mother’s education (32%) and household’s economic status (49%) in 1995-2000 and 2005-2010, respectively. Changes in mother’s educational level (121%), use of skilled birth attendants (79%), mother’s age at the delivery time (25-34 years old) (54%) and using modern contraceptive (29%) were mainly accountable for the decrease in inequality in neonatal mortality. Conclusion Policy actions on improving households’ economic status and maternal education, especially in rural areas, may have led to the reduction in neonatal mortality inequality in Iran.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3275_ff77957e0d229198ff4316980147aa6c.pdf
2017-04-01
219
228
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.127
Neonatal Mortality
Socio-Economic Inequality
Oaxaca Decomposition
Iran
Mostafa
Amini Rarani
mostafaaminirarani@gmail.com
1
Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Arash
Rashidian
arash.rashidian@gmail.com
2
Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ardeshir
Khosravi
ardeshir1344@yahoo.com
3
Deputy of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Arab
arabmoha@tums.ac.ir
4
Department of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ezatollah
Abbasian
e.abbasian@ut.ac.ir
5
Department of Economics, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran
AUTHOR
Esmaeil
Khedmati Morasae
eshmel.k@gmail.com
6
Department of Public Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
AUTHOR
World Health Organization (WHO). Levels and trend in child mortality, report 2014. Geneva: WHO; 2014.
1
Fenn B, Kirkwood BR, Popatia Z, Bradley DJ. Inequities in neonatal survival interventions: evidence from national surveys. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2007;92:361-366. doi:10.1136/adc.2006.104836
2
Gonzalez R, Requejo JH, Nien JK, Merialdi M, Bustreo F. Tackling health inequities in Chile: Maternal, newborn,infant, and child mortality between 1990 and 2004. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(7):1220-1226. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.143578
3
Hoa DP, Nga NT, Målqvist M, Persson LÅ. Persistent neonatal mortality despite improved under‐five survival: a retrospective cohort study in northern Vietnam. Acta Paediatr. 2008;97(2):166-170. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00604.x
4
Kraft AD, Nguyen KH, Jimenez-Soto E, Hodge A. Stagnant neonatal mortality and persistent health inequality in middle-income countries: a case study of the Philippines. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53696. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053696
5
McKinnon B, Harper S, Kaufman JS, Bergevin Y. Socio-economic inequality in neonatal mortality in countries of low and middle income: a multicountry analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2(3):e165-e173. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70008-7
6
Musafili A, Essén B, Baribwira C, Binagwaho A, Persson LÅ, Selling KE. Trends and social differentials in child mortality in Rwanda 1990–2010: results from three demographic and health surveys. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015;69(9):834-840 doi:10.1136/jech-2014-204657
7
Sousa A, Hill K, Dal Poz MR. Sub-national assessment of inequality trends in neonatal and child mortality in Brazil. Int J Equity Health. 2010;9:21. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-9-21
8
Victora CG, Barros AJD. Socio-economic inequalities in neonatal mortality are falling: but why? Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2(3):e122-e123. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70024-5
9
Chalasani S. Understanding wealth-based inequalities in child health in India: A decomposition approach. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(12):2160-2169. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.08.012
10
Hosseinpoor AR, Van Doorslaer E, Speybroeck N, et al. Decomposing Socio-economic inequality in infant mortality in Iran. Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(5):1211-1219. doi:10.1093/ije/dyl164
11
Nkonki LL, Chopra M, Doherty TM, Jackson D, Robberstad B. Explaining household socio-economic related child health inequalities using multiple methods in three diverse settings in South Africa. Int J Equity Health. 2011;10(1):13. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-10-13
12
Pradhan J, Arokiasamy P. Socio-economic inequalities in child survival in India: A decomposition analysis. Health Policy. 2010;98(2-3):114-120. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.05.010
13
Van Malderen C, Van Oyen H, Speybroeck N. Contributing determinants of overall and wealth-related inequality in under-5 mortality in 13 African countries. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67(8):667-676. doi:10.1136/jech-2012-202195
14
Wagstaff A, van Doorslaer E, Watanabe N. On decomposing the causes of health sector inequalities with an application to malnutrition inequalities in Vietnam. J Econom. 2003;112(1):207-223. doi:10.1016/S0304-4076(02)00161-6
15
Walsh B, Cullinan J. Decomposing Socio-economic inequalities in childhood obesity: Evidence from Ireland. Econ Hum Biol. 2015;16:60-72. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2014.01.003
16
Harper S, Lynch J. Commentary: Using innovative inequality measures in epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36(4):926-928. doi:10.1093/ije/dym139
17
Speybroeck N, Konings P, Lynch J, et al. Decomposing Socio-economic health inequalities. Int J Public Health. 2010;55(4):347-351. doi:10.1007/s00038-009-0105-z
18
O’Donnell O, van Doorslaer E, Wagstaff A, Lindelow M. Analyzing Health Equity Using Household Survey Data. Washington DC: The World Bank; 2008.
19
Zare H, Trujillo AJ, Driessen J, Ghasemi M, Gallego G. Health inequalities and development plans in Iran; an analysis of the past three decades (1984–2010). Int J Equity Health. 2014;13(1):42. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-13-42
20
World Health Organization (WHO). Levels and trend in child mortality, repor 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
21
Income distribution between urban and rural region in Iran between 2001-2012. Statistical Center of Iran website. http://www.amar.org.ir. Updated June 15, 2014. Accessed February 23, 2016.
22
Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MoHME). Population and health in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iran demographic and health survey report. Tehran: MoHME; 2000.
23
Rashidian A, Khosravi A, Khabiri R, et al. Islamic Republic of Iran's Multiple Indicator Demograpphic and Healh Survey(IrMIDHS) 2010. Tehran: Ministry of Health and Medical Education; 2012.
24
Rashidian A, Khosravi A, Arab M, et al. Iran Multiple Indicator Demographic and Health Survey 2010: questionnaire, guides and protocols. Tehran: National Institute of Health Research and Ministry of Health and Medical Education; 2012.
25
Stata Corporation. Statistical Software, Release 13. College Station, Texas, USA: StataCorp LP; 2013.
26
Hosseinpoor AR, Mohammad K, Majdzadeh R, et al. Socio-economic inequality in infant mortality in Iran and across its provinces. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83:837-844. doi:10.1590/S0042-96862005001100013
27
Anand S, Diderichsen F, Evans T, Shkolnikov VM, Wirth M. Measuring disparities in health: methods and indicators. Challenging inequities in health: from ethics to action. New York: Oxford University Press,2001:49-67.
28
Mosley WH, Chen LC. An analythical framework for the study of child survival in developing countries. Popul Dev Rev. 1984;10:25-45. doi:10.2307/2807954
29
Vyas S, Kumaranayake L. Constructing socio-economic status indices: how to use principal components analysis. Health Policy Plan. 2006;21(6):459-468. doi:10.1093/heapol/czl029
30
Montgomery MR, Gragnolati M, Burke KA, Paredes E. Measuring living standards with proxy variables. Demography. 2000;37(2):155-174. doi:10.2307/2648118
31
Tajik P, Majdzadeh R. Constructing pragmatic Socio-economic status assessment tools to addresshealth equality challenges. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5(1):46-51.
32
Combes JB, Gerdtham UG, Jarl J. Equalisation of alcohol participation among Socio-economic groups over time: an analysis based on the total differential approach and longitudinal data from Sweden. Int J Equity Health. 2011;10:10. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-10-10
33
Kakwani N, Wagstaff A, Van Doorslaer E. Socioeconomic inequalities in health: measurement, computation, and statistical inference. J Econom. 1997;77(1):87-103. doi:10.1016/S0304-4076(96)01807-6
34
Wagstaff A. The bounds of the concentration index when the variable of interest is binary, with an application to immunization inequality. Health Econ. 2005;14(4):429-432. doi:10.1002/hec.953
35
Erreygers, G. Correcting the concentration index. J Health Econ. 2009;28(2):504-515. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2008.02.003
36
Kjellsson G, Gerdtham UG. On correcting the concentration index for binary variables. J Health Econ. 2013;32(3):659-670. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.10.012
37
Yiengprugsawan V, Lim LL, Carmichael GA, Dear KB, Sleigh AC. Decomposing Socio-economic inequality for binary health outcomes: an improved estimation that does not vary by choice of reference group. BMC Res Notes. 2010;3(1):57. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-3-57
38
De Brouwere V, Richard F, Witter S. Access to maternal and perinatal health services: lessons from successful and less successful examples of improving access to safe delivery and care of the newborn. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15(8):901-909. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02558.x
39
Sekabaraga C, Diop F, Soucat A. Can innovative health financing policies increase access to MDG-related services? Evidence from Rwanda. Health Policy Plan. 2011;26(suppl 2):ii52-ii62. doi:10.1093/heapol/czr070
40
Malik K. Human development report 2014. Sustaining human progress: Reducing vulnerabilities and building resilience. New York: United Nations Development Programme; 2014.
41
Household income and expenditure survey. Statistical Center of Iran website. http://www.amar.org.ir. Updated May 5, 2014. Accessed February 18, 2016.
42
The labour force survey (2005-2014). Statistical Center of Iran website. http://www.amar.org.ir. Updated July 12, 2104.Accessed November 20, 2015.
43
Central Bank of Iran. Selective economic statistics: Economic Accounts of Iran. Iran: Central Bank of Iran;2015.
44
Morasae E, Forouzan A, Majdzadeh R, Asadi-Lari M, Noorbala A, Hosseinpoor A. Understanding determinants of Socio-economic inequality in mental health in Iran's capital, Tehran: a concentration index decomposition approach. Int J Equity Health. 2012;11(1):18. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-11-18
45
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Universal Health Coverage and Primary Healthcare: Lessons From Japan; Comment on “Achieving Universal Health Coverage by Focusing on Primary Care in Japan: Lessons for Low- and Middle-Income Countries”
A recent editorial by Naoki Ikegami has proposed three key lessons from Japan’s experience of achieving virtually universal coverage with primary healthcare services: the need to integrate the existing providers of primary healthcare services into the organised health system; the need to limit government commitments to finance hospital services and the need to empower providers of primary healthcare to influence decisions that influence their livelihoods. Although the context of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) differs in many ways from Japan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the lesson that short-term initiatives to achieve universal coverage need to be complemented by an understanding of the factors influencing long-term change management remains highly relevant.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3265_1ac0e8507e9014c0d4abbac49d363fd7.pdf
2017-04-01
229
231
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.120
Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
Primary Healthcare
Politics of Health
Gerald
Bloom
g.bloom@ids.ac.uk
1
Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ikegami N. Achieving Universal Health Coverage by Focusing on Primary Care in Japan: Lessons for Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(5):291-293. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.22
1
Bloom, G. Standing, H. and Lloyd, R. Markets, information asymmetry and health care: towards new social contracts. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66(10):2076-2087. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.034
2
Sudhinareset M, Ingram M, Lofthouse HK, Montague D. What is the role of informal healthcare providers in developing countries? A systematic review. Plos One. 2013;8:e54978. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054978
3
Bhuiya A, ed. Health for the rural masses: Insights from Chakaria. Dhaka, Bangladesh: ICDDR; 2009.
4
Ahmed SM, Evans TG, Standing H, Mahmud S. Harnessing pluralism for better health in Bangladesh. Lancet. 2013;382(9906):1746-1755. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62147-9
5
Gautham M, Shyamprasad KM, Singh R, Zachariah A, Singh R, Bloom G. Informal rural health care providers in North and South India. Health Policy Plann. 2014;29:i20-i29.
6
Das J, Holla A, Das V, Mohanan M, Tabak D, Chan B. In urban and rural India, a standardized patient study showed low levels of provider training and huge quality gaps. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012;31(12):2774-2784. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2011.1356
7
National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT). Bangladesh Maternal Mortality and Health Care Survey 2010. Dhaka, Bangladesh: NIPORT, Measure Evaluation and ICDDR; 2012.
8
Zhang D, Unschuld PU. China's barefoot doctor: past, present, and future. Lancet. 2008;372(9653):1865-1867. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61355-0
9
Liu Q, Wang B, Kong Y, Cheng KK. China's primary health-care reform. Lancet. 2011;377(9783):2064-2066. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60167-0
10
Xu K, Evans DB, Kawabata K, Zeramdini R, Klavus J, Murray CJ. Household catastrophic health expenditure: a multicountry analysis. Lancet. 2003;362(9378):111-117. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13861-5
11
Cornwall A, Shankland A. Engaging citizens: lessons from building Brazil's national health system. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66(10):2173-2184. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.01.038
12
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Health Technology Assessment: Global Advocacy and Local Realities; Comment on “Priority Setting for Universal Health Coverage: We Need Evidence-Informed Deliberative Processes, Not Just More Evidence on Cost-Effectiveness”
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) can help countries attain and sustain universal health coverage (UHC), as long as it is context-specific and considered within deliberative processes at the country level. Institutionalising robust deliberative processes requires significant time and resources, however, and countries often begin by demanding evidence (including local CEA evidence as well as evidence about local values), whilst striving to strengthen the governance structures and technical capacities with which to generate, consider and act on such evidence. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), such capacities could be developed initially around a small technical unit in the health ministry or health insurer. The role of networks, development partners, and global norm setting organisations is crucial in supporting the necessary capacities.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3267_e5573f01318ff110ba055b63660e0d8e.pdf
2017-04-01
233
236
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.118
Deliberation
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA)
Governance
Efficiency
Universal Coverage
Kalipso
Chalkidou
k.chalkidou@imperial.ac.uk
1
Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ryan
Li
ryan.li@imperial.ac.uk
2
Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK
AUTHOR
Anthony J.
Culyer
tony.culyer@york.ac.uk
3
Department of Economics & Related Studies and Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, UK
AUTHOR
Amanda
Glassman
aglassman@cgdev.org
4
Center for Global Development, Washington, DC, USA
AUTHOR
Karen J.
Hofman
karen.hofman@wits.ac.za
5
School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
AUTHOR
Yot
Teerawattananon
yot.teera@hitap.net
6
Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program (HITAP), Nonthaburi, Thailand
AUTHOR
Balthussen R, Jansen MP, Mikkelsen E, et al. Priority setting for universal health coverage: we need evidence-informed deliberative processes, not just more evidence on cost-effectiveness. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016; forthcoming. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.83
1
Lomas J, Culyer T, McCutcheon C, McAuley L, Law S. Conceptualizing and Combining Evidence for Health System Guidance. Ontario: Canadian Health Services Research Foundation; 2005.
2
Culyer AJ, Lomas J. Deliberative processes and evidence-informed decision making in healthcare: do they work and how might we know? Evidence & Policy: A Journal of Research, Debate and Practice. 2006;2(3):357-371. doi:10.1332/174426406778023658
3
Culyer AJ. Involving stakeholders in healthcare decisions--the experience of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) in England and Wales. Healthc Q. 2005;8(3):56-60. doi:10.12927/hcq..17155
4
Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH). From CCOHTA to CADTH... Evolution to an Agency. Annual Report 2005-2006. http://www.cadth.ca/media/pdf/cadth_annual_05-06_e.pdf. Published 2006.
5
Ahn J, Kim G, Suh HS, Lee SM. Social values and healthcare priority setting in Korea. J Health Organ Manag. 2012;26(3):343-350. doi:10.1108/14777261211238981
6
Teerawattananon Y, Tantivess S, Yothasamut J, Kingkaew P, Chaisiri K. Historical development of health technology assessment in Thailand. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2009;25(Suppl 1):241-252. doi:10.1017/s0266462309090709
7
Glassman A, Chalkidou K. Priority-Setting in Health: Building Institutions for Smarter Public Spending. http://www.cgdev.org/publication/priority-setting-health-building-institutions-smarter-public-spending. Published 2012.
8
Pereira VC, Salomon F, Souza A, Santos VC, Petramale C. Health technology assessment tools for technologies incorporation into public health system. Value Health. 2015;18(7):A560. doi:10.1016/j.jval.2015.09.1819
9
World Health Organization (WHO). Cost effectiveness and strategic planning (WHO-CHOICE). http://www.who.int/choice/en/. Accessed July 18, 2016. Published 2016.
10
University of Washington Department of Global Health. DCP3 - About the Project. http://dcp-3.org/about-project. Accessed July 18, 2016. Published 2016.
11
Chalkidou K, Glassman A, Marten R, et al. Priority-setting for achieving universal health coverage. Bull World Health Organ. 2016;94(6):462-467. doi:10.2471/blt.15.155721
12
Schreyögg J, Stargardt T, Velasco-Garrido M, Busse R. Defining the “Health Benefit Basket” in nine European countries: Evidence from the European Union Health BASKET Project. Eur J Health Econ. 2005;6(Suppl 1):2–10. doi:10.1007/s10198-005-0312-3
13
Glassman A, Giedion U, Sakuma Y, Smith PC. Defining a health benefits package: what are the necessary processes? Health Systems & Reform. 2016;2(1):39-50. doi:10.1080/23288604.2016.1124171
14
Dittrich R, Cubillos L, Gostin L, Chalkidou K, Li R. The international right to health: what does it mean in legal practice and how can it affect priority setting for universal health coverage? Health Systems & Reform. 2016;2(1):23-31. doi:10.1080/23288604.2016.1124167
15
Dittrich R. Healthcare priority setting in the courts. A reflection on decision-making when healthcare priority setting is brough to court. Working paper version 2; 2016.
16
Gaviria A. Cost of Progress. Finance & Development. 2014;51(4). http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2014/12/gaviria.htm
17
. REVISE 2020 - REthinking the Valuation of Interventions to improve priority SEtting. NICHE website.http://www.niche1.nl/projects/id=34/title=revise_2020_rethinking_the_valuation_of_interventions_to_improve_priority_setting. Accessed July 18, 2016. Published 2016.
18
Better decisions. Better health. iDSI website. http://www.idsihealth.org/. Accessed July 11, 2016. Published 2016.
19
Chalkidou K, Levine R, Dillon A. Helping poorer countries make locally informed health decisions. BMJ. 2010;341:c3651. doi:10.1136/bmj.c3651
20
Revill P, Asaria M, Phillips A, Gibb DM, Gilks CF. WHO Decides What is Fair? International HIV Treatment Guidelines, Social Value Judgements and Equitable Provision of Lifesaving Antiretroviral Therapy. CHE Research Paper 99; 2014.
21
Marseille E, Larson B, Kazi DS, Kahn JG, Rosen S. Thresholds for the cost-effectiveness of interventions: alternative approaches. Bull World Health Organ. 2015;93(2):118-124. doi:10.2471/blt.14.138206
22
Woods BS, Revill P, Sculpher MJ, Claxton KP. Country-level cost-effectiveness thresholds: initial estimates and the need for further research. Value Health. 2016.
23
Gray AM, Wilkinson T. Economic evaluation of healthcare interventions: old and new directions. Oxf Rev Econ Policy. 2016;32(1):102-121. doi:10.1093/oxrep/grv020
24
Li R, Hernandez-Villafuerte K, Towse A, Vlad I, Chalkidou K. Mapping Priority setting in health in 17 countries across Asia, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa. Health Systems & Reform. 2016;2(1):71-83. doi:10.1080/23288604.2015.1123338
25
Jamison DT, Summers LH, Alleyne G, et al. Global health 2035: a world converging within a generation. Lancet. 2013;382(9908):1898-1955. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62105-4
26
Wilkinson T, Claxton KP, Sculpher MJ, et al. The International Decision Support Initiative Reference Case for Economic Evaluation: an aid to thought. Value Health. 2016. https://pure.york.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-international-decision-support-initiative-reference-case-for-economic-evaluation(d0bf054f-74ea-4463-98b3-03bd7df0a0a4)/export.html
27
Dieleman JL, Hanlon M. Measuring the displacement and replacement of government health expenditure. Health Econ. 2014;23(2):129-140. doi:10.1002/hec.3016
28
Manikandan S. Are we moving towards a new definition of essential medicines? J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2015;6(3):123-125. doi:10.4103/0976-500x.162008
29
Culyer AJ. Cost-effectiveness thresholds in health care: a bookshelf guide to their meaning and use. Health Econ Policy Law. 2016; forthcoming. doi:10.1017/s1744133116000049
30
Daniels N. Accountability for reasonableness. BMJ. 2000;321(7272):1300-1301. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7272.1300
31
World Health Assembly. Health intervention and technology assessment in support of universal health coverage. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010. http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA67/A67_R23-en.pdf
32
Chootipongchaivat S, Tritasavit N, Luz A, Teerawattananon Y, Tantivess S. Policy Brief and Working Paper. Conducive factors to the development of health technology assessment in Asia. http://www.idsihealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/CONDUCIVE-FACTORS-TO-THE-DEVELOPMENT_resize.pdf. Published 2015.
33
Chalkidou K, Marten R, Cutler D, et al. Health technology assessment in universal health coverage. Lancet. 2013;382(9910):e48-e489. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62559-3
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
History, Structure and Agency in Global Health Governance; Comment on “Global Health Governance Challenges 2016 – Are We Ready?”
Ilona Kickbusch’s thought provoking editorial is criticized in this commentary, partly because she fails to refer to previous critical work on the global conditions and policies that sustain inequality, poverty, poor health and damage to the biosphere and, as a result, she misreads global power and elides consideration of the fundamental historical structures of political and material power that shape agency in global health governance. We also doubt that global health can be improved through structures and processes of multilateralism that are premised on the continued reproduction of the ecologically myopic and socially unsustainable market civilization model of capitalist development that currently prevails in the world economy. This model drives net financial flows from poor to rich countries and from the poor to the affluent and super wealthy individuals. By contrast, we suggest that significant progress in global health requires a profound and socially just restructuring of global power, greater global solidarity and the “development of sustainability.”
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3268_4d1e4fc2988eb84182b93eaf0aa87340.pdf
2017-04-01
237
241
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.119
Political Power
Structure
Agency
Global Health Governance
Stephen
Gill
sgill@yorku.ca
1
Department of Political Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
Solomon R.
Benatar
solly.benatar@utoronto.ca
2
University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
AUTHOR
Kickbusch I. Global health governance challenges 2016 - are we ready? Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(6):349-353. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.27
1
Potter VR. Bioethics: Bridge to the Future. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall; 1971
2
McMichael A J. Planetary Overload: Global Environmental Change and the Health of the Species. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1993.
3
Garrett L. The Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World Out of Balance. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux; 1994.
4
Garrett L. Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health. New York: Hyperion; 2000.
5
Benatar SR. Global disparities in health and human rights: a critical commentary. Am J Public Health. 1998;88:295-300.
6
Benatar SR. The coming catastrophe in international health: an analogy with lung cancer. Int J. 2001;56(4):611-631. doi:10.2307/40203607
7
Raspail J. The Camp of the Saints. Paris: Editions Robert Laffont; 1973.
8
Baudet J, ed. Building a World Community. Globalization and the Common Good; Copenhagen: Royal Danish Foreign Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Washington University Press; 2001.
9
Diamond J. Collapse. How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York: Penguin; 2005.
10
Wallerstein I. The End of the World as We Know It; Social Science for the 21st Century. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press; 1999.
11
Galtung J. The True Worlds. New York: Free Press; 1980.
12
Gill S, ed. The Global Crisis and the Crisis of Global Leadership. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011.
13
Benatar S, Brock G, eds. Global Health and Global Health Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011.
14
Gill S. Globalisation, market civilisation, and disciplinary neoliberalism. Millennium J Int Stud. 1995;23(3):399-423.
15
Gill S, Benatar SR. Global health governance and global power: a critical commentary on The Lancet-University of Oslo Commission Report. Int J Health Serv. 45(2):346-365. doi:10.1177/0020731416631734
16
Sassen, S. Expulsions. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press; 2014.
17
Bakker I, Gill S, eds. Power, Production, and Social Reproduction: Human In/security in the Global Political Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; 2003.
18
Albritton, R. Let Them Eat Junk: How Capitalism Creates Hunger and Obesity. London: Pluto Press; 2009.
19
Murray C, Ortblad KF, Guinovart C, et al. Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2013;380(9859):2053-2260. http://www.thelancet.com/global-burden-of-disease.
20
62 people own same as half world. Oxfam website. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/media-centre/press-releases/2016/01/62-people-own-same-as-half-world-says-oxfam-inequality-report-davos-world-economic-forum. Accessed July 29, 2016.
21
Gill S. Critical global political economy and organic crisis. In: Cafruny A, Talani L, Pozo Martin GL, eds. Palgrave Handbook of Critical International Political Economy. New York: Palgrave; 2016:29-48.
22
Miller J. Eurozone stimulus reinforces inequality, warns Soros. BBC News Business. January 22, 2015. http://www.bbc.com/news/business-30943216.
23
Chakrabortty A. We’ve been conned by the rich predators of Davos. The Guardian. January 19, 2016: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/19/davos-super-rich-wealth-inequality. Accessed June 5, 2016.
24
Mossman M. Africa’s GDP Is Bigger Than You Think. Bloomberg Business. October 10, 2014. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-09/african-countries-recalculate-gdp-find-much-higher-numbers. Accessed July 29, 2016.
25
Baker RW. Capitalism’s Achilles Heel: Dirty Money and How to Renew the Free-Market System. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons; 2005.
26
Shane S. Panama Papers Reveal Wide Use of Shell Companies by African Officials. New York Times. July 25, 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/25/world/americas/panama-papers-reveal-wide-use-of-shell-companies-by-african-officials.html. Accessed July 29, 2016.
27
Capital flows from South to North. A new dynamic in global economic relations. South Centre, Switzerland, 2008. http://www10.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2008/01901.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2014.
28
Rowden R. The Deadly Ideas of Neoliberalism: How the IMF Has Undermined Public Health and the Fight Against AIDS. London: Zed Books; 2009.
29
Benatar SR. Moral imagination: the missing component in global health. PLoS Med. 2005;2(12):e400.
30
Benatar SR, Lister G, Thacker SC. Values in global health governance. Glob Public Health. 2010;5(2):143-153. doi:10.1080/17441690903419009
31
Garret L. Ebola’s lessons: How the WHO mishandled the crisis. Foreign Affairs. 2015. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/west-africa/2015-08-18/ebolas-lessons. Accessed January 28, 2016.
32
Smith MJ, Upshur RE. Ebola and learning lessons from moral failures: who cares about ethics? Public Health Ethics. 2015;8(3):305-318. doi:10.1093/phe/phv028
33
Benatar SR. Explaining and responding to the Ebola epidemicPhilos Ethics Humanit Med. 2015;10:5. doi:10.1186/s13010-015-0027-8
34
Bensimon CA, Benatar SR. Developing sustainability: a new metaphor for progress. Theor Med Bioeth. 2006;27(1):59-79.
35
Kochhar R. A global middle class is more promise than reality: from 2001 to 2011, nearly 700 million step out of poverty, but most only barely. Washington, DC:Pew Research Center; 2015. http://www.pewglobal.org/2015/07/08/a-global-middle-class-is-more-promise-than-reality. Accessed January 21, 2016.
36
Benatar SR. Global leadership, ethics and global health: the search for new paradigms. In: Gill S, ed. Global Crises and the Crisis of Global Leadership. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011:127-143.
37
McMichael AJ. Human Frontiers, Environments and Disease. Past Patterns, Uncertain Futures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001.
38
Mankiw NG. The GDP and its discontents. Science. 2016;353(6297):356. doi:10.1126/science.aaf9800
39
Gill S, Solty I. Krise, Legitimität und die Zukunft Europas: Skizze eines Forschungsansatzes [Crisis, Legitimacy and the Future of Europe: A Research Framework]. Das Argument: Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Sozialwissenschaften. 2013;301(55):1-2.
40
Gill S. At the crossroads of history: radical imaginaries and the crisis of global governance. In: Gill S, ed.) Critical Perspectives on the Crisis of Global Governance: Reimagining the Future. New York: Palgrave; 2016:181-199.
41
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Trade Policy and Health: Adding Retrospective Studies to the Research Agenda; Comment on “The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Is It Everything We Feared for Health?”
Prospective studies of the potential health consequences of trade and investment treaties, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership, are critical. These studies can make visible to trade policy-makers the potential negative impacts associated to such treaties and can influence the outcomes of such negotiations. However, few researchers have examined retrospectively the consequences of trade agreements. With more than 400 trade agreements and more than 2000 investment treaties currently in force, researchers have a large corpus of agreements to analyse in order to assess not only their potential impacts on health system and population health, but also their actual impacts. This comment suggests some research questions that would benefit from retrospective inquiry.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3272_c4d97ff1c9dcf1d6efb4b76349871446.pdf
2017-04-01
243
244
10.15171/ijhpm.2016.123
Trade and Investment Policy
Population Health
Social and Political Determinants of Health
Regulatory Chill
Chantal
Blouin
chantal.blouin@inspq.qc.ca
1
Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies on International Trade and Investment, Institute for Advanced International Studies (HEI), Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
Labonté R, Schram A, Ruckert A. The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Is it everything we feared for health? Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(8):487–496. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.41
1
Friel S, Attersley L, Townsend R. Trade Policy and Public Health. Ann Rev Public Health. 2015;36:325-344. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122739
2
Ottersen OP, Dasgupta J, Blouin C, et al. The political origins of health inequity: prospects for change. Lancet. 2014;383(9917):630-667. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62407-1
3
Blouin C, Chopra M, van der Hoeven R. Trade and social determinants of health. Lancet. 2009;373(9662):502-507. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61777-8
4
Bolloky T. A dose of TPP’s medicine: why U.S. trade deals haven’t exported U.S. Drug prices. Foreign Affairs. March 23, 2016. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2016-03-23/dose-tpps-medicine
5
Malpani R. All costs, no benefits: How TRIPS-plus intellectual property rules in the US-Jordan FTA affect access to medicines. Oxfam Briefing Paper; 2007.
6
McGrady, B. Trade and Public Health: The WTO, Tobacco, Alcohol and Diet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011.
7
Mosier S. Cookies, candy, and coke: Examining state sugar-sweetened-beverage tax policy from a multiple streams approach. Int Rev Public Adm. 2013:18(1):93-120. doi:10.1080/12294659.2013.10805242
8
Collier D. Understanding process tracing. PS Polit Sci Polit. 2011;44(4):823-830. doi:10.1017/s1049096511001429
9
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The TPP Is Dead, Long Live the TPP? A Response to Recent Commentaries
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3315_0cf9c084f9f29346de1fd172d15c85b7.pdf
2017-04-01
245
247
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.12
Social Determinants of Health
Trade and Investment Policy
Population Health
Global Governance for Health
Ronald
Labonté
rlabonte@uottawa.ca
1
Canada Research Chair, Globalization and Health Equity, Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ashley
Schram
ashleylgrau@gmail.com
2
School of Regulation and Global Governance, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
AUTHOR
Arne
Ruckert
aruckert@uottawa.ca
3
Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
AUTHOR
Labonté R, Schram A, Ruckert A. The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Is it everything we feared for health? Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016;5(8):487-496. Doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.41
1
Blouin C. Trade policy and health: Adding retrospective studies to the research agenda. Int J Heath Policy Manag. 2016; Forthcoming.
2
Walls HL, Hanefeld J, Smith RD. The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Should we “fear the fear”? Int J Heath Policy Manag. 2016; Forthcoming.
3
Lencucha R. Is it time to say farewell to the ISDS system? Int J Heath Policy Manag. 2016; Forthcoming.
4
McKee M, Stuckler D. Current models of investor state dispute settlement are bad for health: The European Union could offer an alternative. Int J Heath Policy Manag. 2016; Forthcoming.
5
Jergen M. German association of judges on the TTIP proposal of the European Commission. Global Arbitration News. March 21, 2016. https://globalarbitrationnews.com/german-association-judges-proposal-european-commission-introduction-investment-court-system-settle-investor-state-disputes-transatlantic-trade-investmen/. Accessed January 16, 2017.
6
Cingotti N, Eberhardt P, Grotefendt N, Olivet C. Investment court system put to the test: New EU proposal will perpetuate investors’ attacks on health and environment. Amsterdam/Brussels/Berlin/Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, Corporate Europe Observatory, Friends of the Earth Europe, Forum Umwelt und Entwicklung and the Transnational Institute. https://www.policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/National%20Office/2016/04/Investment_Court_System_Put_to_the_Test.pdf. Accessed January 16, 2017. Published April 2016.
7
McNamara C. Assessing the health impact of trade: A call for an expanded research agenda. Int J Heath Policy Manag. 2016; Forthcoming.
8
McNamara C, Labonté R. Trade, labour markets and health: A prospective policy analysis of the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Int J Health Serv. In Press.
9
Muntaner C, Mahabir DF. Just say no to the TPP: A democratic setback for American and Asian public health. Int J Heath Policy Manag. 2016; Forthcoming.
10
Ruckert R, Labonté R, Lencucha R, Runnels V, Gagnon M. Global health diplomacy: a critical review of the literature. Soc Sci Med. 2016;155:61-72. Doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.004
11
Labonté R, Schram A, Ruckert A. The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement and health: Few gains, some losses, many risks. Global Health. 2016;12(25):1-7. Doi:10.1186/s12992-016-0166-8.
12
Schram A, Ruckert A, Labonté R, Miller B. Media and neoliberal hegemony: Canadian newspaper coverage of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. Stud Polit Econ. 2016;97(2):159-174. Doi:10.1080/07078552.2016.1208799
13
Schram, A. International trade and investment agreements and health: The role of transnational corporations and international investment law [dissertation]. Ottawa: University of Ottawa; 2016.
14
Thurbon E, Weiss L. Why Trump is right, and wrong, about killing off the TPP. The Conversation. November 22, 2016. http://theconversation.com/why-trump-is-right-and-wrong-about-killing-off-the-tpp-69045. Accessed January 16, 2017.
15
Jackson, A. Trump is right that the global trading system is out of whack. Globe & Mail. December 21, 2016. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/economic-insight/trump-is-right-that-the-global-trading-system-is-out-of-whack/article33403843/.
16
Weisbrot M, Lefebvre S, Sammut J. Did NAFTA help Mexico? An assessment after 20 years. Washington: Center for Economic and Policy Research; 2014. http://cepr.net/documents/nafta-20-years-2014-02.pdf. Accessed January 16, 2017.
17
Allee T, Lugg A. Who wrote the rules for the Trans-Pacific Partnership? Res Polit. 2016;3(3):1-9. Doi:10.1177/2053168016658919
18
Thow AM, Gleeson D. Advancing public health on the changing global trade and investment agenda. Int J Heath Policy Manag. 2016; Forthcoming.
19