ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Public Spending on Health Service and Policy Research in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States: A Modest Proposal
Health services and policy research (HSPR) represent a multidisciplinary field which integrates knowledge from health economics, health policy, health technology assessment, epidemiology, political science among other fields, to evaluate decisions in health service delivery. Health service decisions are informed by evidence at the clinical, organizational, and policy level, levels with distinct, managerial drivers. HSPR has an evolving discourse spanning knowledge translation, linkage and exchange between research and decision-maker partners and more recently, implementation science and learning health systems. Local context is important for HSPR and is important in advancing health reform practice. The amounts and configuration of national investment in this field remain important considerations which reflect priority investment areas. The priorities set within this field or research may have greater or lesser effects and promise with respect to modernizing health services in pursuit of better value and better population outcomes. Within Canada an asset map for HSPR was published by the national HSPR research institute. Having estimated publiclyfunded research spending in Canada, we sought identify best available comparable estimates from the United States and the United Kingdom. Investments from industry and charitable organizations were not included in these numbers. This commentary explores spending by the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom on HSPR as a fraction of total public spending on health and the importance of these respective investments in advancing health service performance. Proposals are offered on the merits of common nomenclature and accounting for areas of investigation in pursuit of some comparable way of assessing priority HSPR investments and suggestions for earmarking such investments to total investment in health services spending.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3348_815cdc7e861e9d5a92d65c0528feb1a2.pdf
2017-11-01
617
620
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.45
Health Policy
Public Spending
Comparative Spending Health Services and Policy Research
Vidhi
Thakkar
vidhi.thakkar@mail.utoronto.ca
1
Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
AUTHOR
Terrence
Sullivan
tsulliva2@gmail.com
2
Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
IHSPR. Total Health Services and Policy Research Investments - Mapping Our Assets in Canada (2007-2011). http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/49711.html. Published 2016.
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Lomas J, Fulop N, Gagnon D, Allen P. On being a good listener: setting priorities for applied health services research. Milbank Q. 2003;81(3):363-388.
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Tamblyn R, McMahon M, Girard N, Drake E, Nadigel J, Gaudreau K. Health services and policy research in the first decade at the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. CMAJ Open. 2016;4(2):E213-E221.
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21
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Informal Patient Payments and Bought and Brought Goods in the Western Balkans – A Scoping Review
Introduction Informal patient payments for healthcare are common in the Western Balkans, negatively affecting public health and healthcare. Aim To identify literature from the Western Balkans on what is known about informal patient payments and bought and brought goods, to examine their effects on healthcare and to determine what actions can be taken to tackle these payments. Methods After conducting a scoping review that involved searching websites and databases and filtering with eligibility criteria and quality assessment tools, 24 relevant studies were revealed. The data were synthesized using a narrative approach that identified key concepts, types of evidence, and research gaps. Results The number of studies of informal patient payments increased between 2002 and 2015, but evidence regarding the issues of concern is scattered across various countries. Research has reported incidents of informal patient payments on a wide scale and has described various patterns and characteristics of these payments. Although these payments have typically been small – particularly to providers in common areas of specialized medicine – evidence regarding bought and brought goods remains limited, indicating that such practices are likely even more common, of greater magnitude and perhaps more problematic than informal patient payments. Only scant research has examined the measures that are used to tackle informal patient payments. The evidence indicates that legalizing informal patient payments, introducing performance-based payment systems, strengthening reporting, changing mentalities and involving the media and the European Union (EU) or religious organizations in anti-corruption campaigns are understood as some of the possible remedies that might help reduce informal patient payments. Conclusion Despite comprehensive evidence regarding informal patient payments, data remain scattered and contradictory, implying that informal patient payments are a complex phenomenon. Additionally, the data on bought and brought goods illustrate that not much is known about this matter. Although informal patient payments have been studied and described in several settings, there is still little research on the effectiveness of such strategies in the Western Balkans context.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3381_db10ccf7eddd43c518a834d88add7afe.pdf
2017-11-01
621
637
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.73
Scoping Review
Informal Patient Payments
Bough and Brought Goods
Health care
Western Balkan
Sofie
Buch Mejsner
sbmejsner@health.sdu.dk
1
Unit for Health Promotion Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
LEAD_AUTHOR
Leena
Eklund Karlsson
leklund@health.sdu.dk
2
Unit for Health Promotion Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
AUTHOR
Atanasova E, Pavlova M, Moutafova E, Rechel B, Groot W. Informal payments for health services:The experience of Bulgaria after 10 years of formal co-payments. Eur J Public Health. 2014;24:733-739. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckt165
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Contextualizing Obesity and Diabetes Policy: Exploring a Nested Statistical and Constructivist Approach at the Cross-National and Subnational Government Level in the United States and Brazil
Background This article conducts a comparative national and subnational government analysis of the political, economic, and ideational constructivist contextual factors facilitating the adoption of obesity and diabetes policy. Methods We adopt a nested analytical approach to policy analysis, which combines cross-national statistical analysis with subnational case study comparisons to examine theoretical prepositions and discover alternative contextual factors; this was combined with an ideational constructivist approach to policy-making. Results Contrary to the existing literature, we found that with the exception of cross-national statistical differences in access to healthcare infrastructural resources, the growing burden of obesity and diabetes, rising healthcare costs and increased citizens’ knowledge had no predictive affect on the adoption of obesity and diabetes policy. We then turned to a subnational comparative analysis of the states of Mississippi in the United States and Rio Grande do Norte in Brazil to further assess the importance of infrastructural resources, at two units of analysis: the state governments versus rural municipal governments. Qualitative evidence suggests that differences in subnational healthcare infrastructural resources were insufficient for explaining policy reform processes, highlighting instead other potentially important factors, such as state-civil societal relationships and policy diffusion in Mississippi, federal policy intervention in Rio Grande do Norte, and politicians’ social construction of obesity and the resulting differences in policy roles assigned to the central government. Conclusion We conclude by underscoring the complexity of subnational policy responses to obesity and diabetes, the importance of combining resource and constructivist analysis for better understanding the context of policy reform, while underscoring the potential lessons that the United States can learn from Brazil.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3331_237d502be75ad6bf459896c5534b9f1d.pdf
2017-11-01
639
648
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.13
Obesity
Diabetes
Policy-Making
Subnational Government
Eduardo J.
Gómez
eduardo.gomez@kcl.ac.uk
1
Department of International Development, School of Global Affairs, King’s College London, London, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
McInnes C, Kamradt-Scott A, Lee K, et al. Framing global health: the governance challenge. Glob Public Health. 2012;7 Suppl 2:S83-94. doi:10.1080/17441692.2012.733949.
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Interview with Deja Abudl-Haqq, Center for Research, Evaluation, and Environmental & Policy Change, November 18, 2014.
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Interview with Irena McClain, Mississippi Diabetes Organization, August 4, 2014.
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Interview with Deja Abudl-Haqq, Center for Research, Evaluation, and Environmental & Policy Change, November 18, 2014.
36
Interview with Irina McClain, Mississippi Diabetes Organization, August 4, 2014.
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Interview with Deja Abudl-Haqq, Center for Research, Evaluation, and Environmental & Policy Change, November 18, 2014.
38
Interview with Irina McClain, Mississippi Diabetes Organization, August 4, 2014.
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Interview with Deja Abudl-Haqq, Center for Research, Evaluation, and Environmental & Policy Change, November 18, 2014.
40
Interview with Irina McClain, Mississippi Diabetes Organization, August 4, 2014.
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Interview with Deja Abudl-Haqq, Center for Research, Evaluation, and Environmental & Policy Change, November 18, 2014.
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Interview with Deja Abudl-Haqq, Center for Research, Evaluation, and Environmental & Policy Change, November 18, 2014.
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Hansen S. What can Mississippi learn from Iran? The New York Times. July 27, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/29/magazine/what-can-mississippis-health-care-system-learn-from-iran.html.
66
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Lost in Translation: Piloting a Novel Framework to Assess the Challenges in Translating Scientific Uncertainty From Empirical Findings to WHO Policy Statements
Background Calls for evidence-informed public health policy, with implicit promises of greater program effectiveness, have intensified recently. The methods to produce such policies are not self-evident, requiring a conciliation of values and norms between policy-makers and evidence producers. In particular, the translation of uncertainty from empirical research findings, particularly issues of statistical variability and generalizability, is a persistent challenge because of the incremental nature of research and the iterative cycle of advancing knowledge and implementation. This paper aims to assess how the concept of uncertainty is considered and acknowledged in World Health Organization (WHO) policy recommendations and guidelines. Methods We selected four WHO policy statements published between 2008-2013 regarding maternal and child nutrient supplementation, infant feeding, heat action plans, and malaria control to represent topics with a spectrum of available evidence bases. Each of these four statements was analyzed using a novel framework to assess the treatment of statistical variability and generalizability. Results WHO currently provides substantial guidance on addressing statistical variability through GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) ratings for precision and consistency in their guideline documents. Accordingly, our analysis showed that policy-informing questions were addressed by systematic reviews and representations of statistical variability (eg, with numeric confidence intervals). In contrast, the presentation of contextual or “background” evidence regarding etiology or disease burden showed little consideration for this variability. Moreover, generalizability or “indirectness” was uniformly neglected, with little explicit consideration of study settings or subgroups. Conclusion In this paper, we found that non-uniform treatment of statistical variability and generalizability factors that may contribute to uncertainty regarding recommendations were neglected, including the state of evidence informing background questions (prevalence, mechanisms, or burden or distributions of health problems) and little assessment of generalizability, alternate interventions, and additional outcomes not captured by systematic review. These other factors often form a basis for providing policy recommendations, particularly in the absence of a strong evidence base for intervention effects. Consequently, they should also be subject to stringent and systematic evaluation criteria. We suggest that more effort is needed to systematically acknowledge (1) when evidence is missing, conflicting, or equivocal, (2) what normative considerations were also employed, and (3) how additional evidence may be accrued.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3333_294a0e1fbfcd69106fa7d5371228ddea.pdf
2017-11-01
649
660
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.28
Evidence-Based Policy
Uncertainty
Statistical Variability
Generalizability
Policy Statements
World Health Organization (WHO)
Tarik
Benmarhnia
tarik.benmarhnia@mcgill.ca
1
Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
Jonathan Y.
Huang
jon.huang@mcgill.ca
2
Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
AUTHOR
Catherine M.
Jones
catherinemjones.research@gmail.com
3
Chaire approches communautaires et inégalités de santé, Institut de recherche en santé publique, École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
AUTHOR
Rychetnik L, Hawe P, Waters E, Barratt A, Frommer M. A glossary for evidence based public health. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2004;58(7):538-545.
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2
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3
Bayer R, Johns DM, Galea S. Salt and public health: contested science and the challenge of evidence-based decision making. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012;31(12):2738-2746. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2012.0554
4
Knaggård Å. What do policy-makers do with scientific uncertainty? The incremental character of Swedish climate change policy-making. Policy Stud. 2014;35(1):22-39.
5
Dobrow MJ, Goel V, Lemieux-Charles L, Black NA. The impact of context on evidence utilization: a framework for expert groups developing health policy recommendations. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63(7):1811-1824.
6
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7
Gostin LO, Sridhar D, Hougendobler D. The normative authority of the World Health Organization. Public Health. 2015;129(7):854-863. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2015.05.002
8
Oxman AD, Schünemann HJ, Fretheim A. Improving the use of research evidence in guideline development: 14. Reporting guidelines. Health Res Policy Syst. 2006;4:26. doi:10.1186/1478-4505-4-26
9
Oxman AD, Lavis JN, Fretheim A. Use of evidence in WHO recommendations. Lancet. 2007;369(9576):1883-1889.
10
Innvær S, Vist G, Trommald M, Oxman A. Health policy-makers' perceptions of their use of evidence: a systematic review. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2002;7(4):239-244. doi:10.1258/135581902320432778
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Orton L, Lloyd-Williams F, Taylor-Robinson D, O'Flaherty M, Capewell S. The use of research evidence in public health decision making processes: systematic review. PloS One. 2011;6(7):e21704. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021704
12
Oliver K, Innvar S, Lorenc T, Woodman J, Thomas J. A systematic review of barriers to and facilitators of the use of evidence by policymakers. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:2. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-2
13
Frenk J, Moon S. Governance challenges in global health. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(10):936-942. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1109339
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Hoffman SJ, Røttingen J-A. Split WHO in two: strengthening political decision-making and securing independent scientific advice. Public Health. 2014;128(2):188-194. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2013.08.021
15
Ruger JP. International institutional legitimacy and the World Health Organization. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2014;68(8):697-700. doi:10.1136/jech-2013-203272
16
Schünemann HJ, Hill SR, Kakad M, et al. Transparent development of the WHO rapid advice guidelines. PLoS Med. 2007;4(5):e119.
17
Alexander PE, Brito JP, Neumann I, et al. World Health Organization strong recommendations based on low-quality evidence (study quality) are frequent and often inconsistent with GRADE guidance. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;72:98-106. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.10.011
18
Contandriopoulos D, Lemire M, DENIS JL, Tremblay É. Knowledge exchange processes in organizations and policy arenas: a narrative systematic review of the literature. Milbank Q. 2010;88(4):444-483.
19
Dagenais C, Malo M, Robert E, Ouimet M, Berthelette D, Ridde V. Knowledge transfer on complex social interventions in public health: a scoping study. PloS One. 2013;8(12):e80233. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080233
20
Lavis JN, Wilson MG, Moat KA, et al. Developing and refining the methods for a ‘one-stop shop’for research evidence about health systems. Health Res Policy Syst. 2015;13:10. doi:10.1186/1478-4505-13-10
21
Siron S, Dagenais C, Ridde V. What research tells us about knowledge transfer strategies to improve public health in low-income countries: a scoping review. Int J Public Health. 2015;60(7):849-863.
22
Peirson L, Catallo C, Chera S. The Registry of Knowledge Translation Methods and Tools: a resource to support evidence-informed public health. Int J Public Health. 2013;58(4):493-500.
23
Davison CM, Ndumbe-Eyoh S, Clement C. Critical examination of knowledge to action models and implications for promoting health equity. Int J Equity Health. 2015;14:49. doi:10.1186/s12939-015-0178-7
24
Carey G, Crammond B. Action on the social determinants of health: views from inside the policy process. Soc Sci Med. 2015;128:134-141.
25
Smith K. Beyond Evidence Based Policy in Public Health: The Interplay of Ideas. Springer; 2013.
26
Cairney P, Oliver K, Wellstead A. To bridge the divide between evidence and policy: reduce ambiguity as much as uncertainty. Public Adm Rev. 2016;76(3):399-402.
27
Jewell. The Pocket Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus. USA: Oxford University Press; 2001.
28
Dobrow MJ, Goel V, Upshur R. Evidence-based health policy: context and utilisation. Soc Sci Med. 2004;58(1):207-217.
29
McQueen D, Anderson LM. What counts as evidence: issues and debates. WHO Reg Publ Eur Ser. 2001;(92):63-81.
30
Greenhalgh T. What is this knowledge that we seek to “exchange”? Milbank Q. 2010;88(4):492-499.
31
Brownson RC, Baker EA, Leet TL, Gillespie KN, True WR. Evidence-Based Public Health. New York: Oxford University Press; 2010.
32
Hamra GB, Laden F, Cohen AJ, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Brauer M, Loomis D. Lung cancer and exposure to nitrogen dioxide and traffic: a systematic review and meta-analysis, University of British Columbia; 2015.
33
Medley AJ, Wong C-M, Thach TQ, Ma S, Lam T-H, Anderson HR. Cardiorespiratory and all-cause mortality after restrictions on sulphur content of fuel in Hong Kong: an intervention study. Lancet. 2002;360(9346):1646-1652.
34
Rychetnik L, Frommer M, Hawe P, Shiell A. Criteria for evaluating evidence on public health interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2002;56(2):119-127.
35
Armstrong R, Pettman T, Burford B, Doyle J, Waters E. Tracking and understanding the utility of Cochrane reviews for public health decision-making. J Public Health (Oxf). 2012;34(2):309-313. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fds038
36
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38
Steckler A, McLeroy KR. The importance of external validity. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(1):9-10.
39
Marmot M, Friel S, Bell R, Houweling TA, Taylor S; Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Lancet. 2008;372(9650):1661-1669. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61690-6
40
Thomas J, Harden A. Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2008;8:45. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-8-45
41
WHO. Guideline: vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women. http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/micronutrients/guidelines/vit_d_supp_pregnant_women/en/. Published 2012.
42
WHO. Essential nutrition actions: improving maternal, newborn, infant and young child health and nutrition. http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/essential_nutrition_actions/en/. Published 2013.
43
Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(8):CD003517. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003517.pub2
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WHO. Climate change and health. Published2008.
45
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46
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Kovats RS, Hajat S. Heat stress and public health: A critical review. Annu Rev Public Health. 2008;29:41-55. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090843
48
Cai Z, Kuroki M, Sato T. Non‐parametric bounds on treatment effects with non‐compliance by covariate adjustment. Stat Med. 2007;26(16):3188-3204. doi:10.1002/sim.2766
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50
Hawkins B, Parkhurst J. The ‘good governance’ of evidence in health policy. Evid Policy. 2016;12 (4):575-592.
51
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Bringing Value-Based Perspectives to Care: Including Patient and Family Members in Decision-Making Processes
Background Recent evidence shows that patient engagement is an important strategy in achieving a high performing healthcare system. While there is considerable evidence of implementation initiatives in direct care context, there is limited investigation of implementation initiatives in decision-making context as it relates to program planning, service delivery and developing policies. Research has also shown a gap in consistent application of system-level strategies that can effectively translate organizational policies around patient and family engagement into practice. Methods The broad objective of this initiative was to develop a system-level implementation strategy to include patient and family advisors (PFAs) at decision-making points in primary healthcare (PHC) based on wellestablished evidence and literature. In this opportunity sponsored by the Canadian Foundation for Healthcare Improvement (CFHI) a co-design methodology, also well-established was applied in identifying and developing a suitable implementation strategy to engage PFAs as members of quality teams in PHC. Diabetes management centres (DMCs) was selected as the pilot site to develop the strategy. Key steps in the process included review of evidence, review of the current state in PHC through engagement of key stakeholders and a co-design approach. Results The project team included a diverse representation of members from the PHC system including patient advisors, DMC team members, system leads, providers, Public Engagement team members and CFHI improvement coaches. Key outcomes of this 18-month long initiative included development of a working definition of patient and family engagement, development of a Patient and Family Engagement Resource Guide and evaluation of the resource guide. Conclusion This novel initiative provided us an opportunity to develop a supportive system-wide implementation plan and a strategy to include PFAs in decision-making processes in PHC. The well-established co-design methodology further allowed us to include value-based (customer driven quality and experience of care) perspectives of several important stakeholders including patient advisors. The next step will be to implement the strategy within DMCs, spread the strategy PHC, both locally and provincially with a focus on sustainability.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3336_d45f69ceb1c004536ca79c91636d35bf.pdf
2017-11-01
661
668
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.27
Patient and Family Engagement
Decision-Making
Quality Teams
Patient Experience
Graeme
Kohler
graeme.kohler@nshealth.ca
1
Primary Health Care, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
AUTHOR
Tara
Sampalli
tara.sampalli@nshealth.ca
2
Primary Health Care, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ashley
Ryer
ashley.ryer@nshealth.ca
3
Primary Health Care, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
AUTHOR
Judy
Porter
novaskoshun@hotmail.com
4
Diabetes Management Centre, Primary Health Care, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
AUTHOR
Les
Wood
law47@hotmail.ca
5
Diabetes Management Centre, Primary Health Care, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
AUTHOR
Lisa
Bedford
lisa.bedford@nshealth.ca
6
Diabetes Management Centre, Primary Health Care, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
AUTHOR
Irene
Higgins-Bowser
irene.higginsbowser@nshealth.ca
7
Diabetes Management Centre, Primary Health Care, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
AUTHOR
Lynn
Edwards
lynn.edwards@nshealth.ca
8
Primary Health Care, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
AUTHOR
Erin
Christian
erin.christian@nshealth.ca
9
Primary Health Care, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
AUTHOR
Susan
Dunn
susan.dunn@nshealth.ca
10
Public Engagement, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
AUTHOR
Rick
Gibson
rick.gibson@nshealth.ca
11
Primary Health Care, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
AUTHOR
Shannon
Ryan Carson
shannon.ryancarson@nshealth.ca
12
Primary Health Care, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
AUTHOR
Michael
Vallis
tvallis@dal.ca
13
Behaviour Change Institute, Primary Health Care, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
AUTHOR
Joanna
Zed
joanna.zed@dal.ca
14
Dalhousie Family Medicine, Halifax, NS, Canada
AUTHOR
Barna
Tugwell
barna.tugwell@nshealth.ca
15
Endocrinology, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
AUTHOR
Colin
Van Zoost
colin.vanzoost@nshealth.ca
16
General Internal Medicine, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS, Canada
AUTHOR
Carolyn
Canfield
carolyncanfield@mac.com
17
Canadian Foundation Healthcare Improvement, Ottawa, ON, Canada
AUTHOR
Eleanor
Rivoire
rivoiree@gmail.com
18
Canadian Foundation Healthcare Improvement, Ottawa, ON, Canada
AUTHOR
Loehrer S, Lewis N, Bogan M. Improving the health of populations: a common language is key. Healthc Exec. 2016;31(2):82-83.
1
Coulter A, Ellins J. Effectiveness of strategies for informing, educating and involving patients. BMJ. 2007;335(7609):24–27. doi:10.1136/bmj.39246.581169.80
2
Coulter A. Leadership for Patient Engagement. London: The King's Fund; 2012. http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/files/kf/leadership-patient-engagement-angela-coulter-leadership-review2012-paper.pdf. Accessed September 5, 2015.
3
Baker R. Evidence Boost: A review of research highlighting how patient engagement contributes to improved care. http://www.cfhi-fcass.ca/sf-docs/default-source/reports/evidenceboost-rossbaker-peimprovedcare-e.pdf?sfvrsn=6. Accessed October 1, 2015.
4
Bieber C, Müller KG, Blumenstiel K, Schneider A, Richter A, Wilke S. Long-term effects of a shared decision-making intervention on physician–patient interaction and outcome in fibromyalgia. A qualitative and quantitative follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Patient Educ Couns. 2006;63(3):357-366.
5
Carman K, Dardess P, Maurer M, et al. Patient and family engagement: a framework for understanding the elements and developing interventions and policies. Health Aff. 2013;32(2):223-231. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2012.1133
6
Epstein R, Street R. The Values and Value of Patient-Centered Care. Ann Fam Med. 2011;9 (2):100-103. doi:10.1370/afm.1239
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Flynn K, Smith M, Vanness D. A Typology of Preferences for Participation in Healthcare Decision-Making. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63(5):1158-1169. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.030
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Gallivan J, Burns K, Bellows M, Eigenseher C. The many faces of patient engagement. J Participat Med. 2012;26(4):32.
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Chewning B, Bylund C, Shah B, Arora NG, Makoul G. Patient Preferences for Shared Decisions: A Systematic Review. Patient Educ Couns. 2012;86(1):9-18. Doi:10.1016/j.pec.2011.02.004
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Ridd M, Shaw A, Lewis G, Salisbury C. The patient-doctor relationship: a synthesis of the qualitative literature on patients' perspectives. Br J Gen Pract. 2009;59(561):116-133. doi:10.3399/bjgp09X420248
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Hibbard J, Greene J, Tusler M. Improving the outcomes of disease management by tailoring care to the patient's level of activation. Am J Manag Care. 2009;15(6):353-360.
13
Barr V, Robinson S, Marin-Link B, et al. The expanded chronic care model: An integration of concepts and strategies from population health promotion and the chronic care model. Hosp Q. 2003;7(1):73-82. doi:10.12927/hcq.2003.16763
14
Experience-based Co-design toolkit. Working with patients to improve healthcare. http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/projects/ebcd.
15
Tsianakas V, Robert G, Maben J, Richardson A, Dale C, Wiseman T. Implementing patient centred cancer care: using experience-based co-design to improve patient experience in breast and lung cancer services. J Support Care Cancer. 2012;20:2639-2647.
16
Burns K, Bellows M, Eigenseher C, Gallivan J. 'Practical' resources to support patient and family engagement in healthcare decisions: a scoping review. BMC Health Ser Res. 2014;14:175. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-175
17
Health Council of Canada. How Engaged are Canadians in their Primary Care? Health Council of Canada; 2011. http://www.healthcouncilcanada.ca/tree/2.30-Commonwealth5_EN_Final.pdf. Accessed July 13, 2015.
18
Health Council of Canada. Turning What We know into Action: A Commentary on the National Symposium on Patient Engagement. Health Council of Canada; 2012. http://www.healthcouncilcanada.ca/dl_check.php?id=321&tp=1. Accessed June 30, 2015.
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Elwyn G, Laitner S, Coulter A, Walker E, Watson P, Thompson R. Implementing shared decision-making in the NHS. BMJ. 2010;341:5146. doi:10.1136/bmj.c5146.
20
McMurchy D. What are the critical attributes and benefits of a high-quality primary health care system? Ottawa, ON: Canadian Health Services Research Foundation; 2009. http://patientfamilyengagement.org/roadmap.php. Accessed July 5, 2015.
21
Fondrick M, Johnson B. Creating Patient and Family Advisory Councils. Institute for Patient and Family Centered Care website. http://www.ipfcc.org/advance/Advisory_Councils.pdf. Accessed March 6, 2015.
22
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23
Sidani S. Effects of patient-centered care on patient outcomes: an evaluation. Res Theory Nurs Pract. 2008;22(1):24-37.
24
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26
West M, Brown L. A Tool Kit for Creating a Patient and Family Advisory Council. http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.theberylinstitute.org/resource/resmgr/webinar_pdf/pfac_toolkit_shared_version.pdf. Accessed May 15, 2015.
27
Batalden M, Batalden P, Margolis P, et al. Coproduction of healthcare service. BMJ Qual Saf. 2016;25(7):509-517. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004315
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
“Enemies of the People?” Public Health in the Era of Populist Politics; Comment on “The Rise of Post-truth Populism in Pluralist Liberal Democracies: Challenges for Health Policy”
In this commentary, we review the growth of populist politics, associated with exploitation of what has been termed fake news. We explore how certain words have been used in similar contexts historically, in particular the term “enemy of the people,” especially with regard to public health. We then set out 6 principles for public health professionals faced with these situations. First, using their epidemiological skills, they can provide insights into the reasons underlying the growth of populist politics. Second using their expertise in modelling and health impact assessment, they can anticipate and warn about the consequences of populist policies. Third, they can support the institutions that are necessary for effective public health. Fourth they can reclaim the narrative, rejecting hatred and division, to promote social solidarity. Fifth, they can support fact checking and the use of evidence. Finally, they should always remember the lessons of history, and in particular, the way that public health has, on occasions, collaborated with totalitarian and genocidal regimes.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3349_a6ef1a4d89e203e4c8eef8171bd9a714.pdf
2017-11-01
669
672
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.46
Public Health
Advocacy
Political Economy
Fake News
Martin
McKee
martin.mckee@lshtm.ac.uk
1
ECOHOST, Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
David
Stuckler
david.stuckler@unibocconi.it
2
Dipartimento di Analisi delle Politiche e Management Pubblico, Università Bocconi, Milan, Italy
AUTHOR
Speed E, Mannion R. The rise of post-truth populism in pluralist liberal democracies: challenges for health policy. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2017;6(5):249-251. Doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2017.19
1
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2
Ott BL. The age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement. Critical Studies in Media Communication. 2017;34(1):59-68. doi:10.1080/15295036.2016.1266686
3
McKee M, Stuckler D. How cognitive biases affect our interpretation of political messages. BMJ. 2010;340:c2276. doi:10.1136/bmj.c2276
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10
Steele SL, Gilmore AB, McKee M, Stuckler D. The role of public law-based litigation in tobacco companies' strategies in high-income, FCTC ratifying countries, 2004-14. J Public Health (Oxf). 2016;38(3):516-521. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdv068
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13
McKee M, Galsworthy MJ. Brexit: a confused concept that threatens public health. J Public Health. 2016;38(1):3-5.
14
Powell KA. Framing Islam: an analysis of US media coverage of terrorism since 9/11. Commun Stud. 2011;62(1):90-112.
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Lifton RJ. The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. New York: Basic Books; 2000.
21
Proctor R. Racial hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1988.
22
Jutta Lindert PhD M, Stein Y, Jaakkola JJ, Strous RD. How ethics failed-the role of psychiatrists and physicians in Nazi programs from exclusion to extermination, 1933-1945. Public Health Rev. 2012;34(1):1.
23
Kater MH. Doctors Under Hitler. Chapel Hill: UNC Press Books; 1989.
24
Epstein C. Model Nazi: Arthur Greiser and the Occupation of Western Poland. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2010.
25
Hyatt S. A shared history of shame: Sweden's four-decade policy of forced sterilization and the eugenics movement in the United States. Indiana Int Comp Law Rev. 1998;8(2):475-503.
26
New York Times. Hitler tamed by prison. New York Times. December 21, 1924:16.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
“Stop, You’re Killing us!” An Alternative Take on Populism and Public Health; Comment on “The Rise of Post-truth Populism in Pluralist Liberal Democracies: Challenges for Health Policy”
Ewen Speed and Russell Mannion correctly identify several contours of the challenges for health policy in what it is useful to think of as a post-democratic era. I argue that the problem for public health is not populism per se, but rather the distinctive populism of the right coupled with the failure of the left to develop compelling counternarratives. Further, defences of ‘science’ must be tempered by recognition of the unavoidably political dimensions of the (mis)use of scientific findings in public policy.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3354_6b308d4c5cabd4b0b98b4595a5f6ab0d.pdf
2017-11-01
673
675
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.50
Populism
Post-democracy
Science
Standards of Proof
Ted
Schrecker
theodore.schrecker@newcastle.ac.uk
1
School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, Stockton-on-Tees, UK
LEAD_AUTHOR
Speed E, Mannion R. The rise of post-truth populism in pluralist liberal democracies: challenges for health policy. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2017;6(5):249-251. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2017.19
1
Inglehart RF; Norris P. Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash, HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series. RWP16-026. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School; 2016. https://research.hks.harvard.edu/publications/getFile.aspx?Id=1401.
2
Zakaria F. The Rise of Illiberal Democracy. Foreign Aff. 1997;76(6):22-43.
3
Freedom House. Freedom in the World 2017 - Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy. Washington, DC: Freedom House; 2017. https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FIW_2017_Report_Final.pdf.
4
Diamond L. Facing up to the democratic recession. Journal of Democracy. 2015;26:141-155.
5
Robinson WI, Harris J. Towards a global ruling class? Globalization and the transnational capitalist class. Sci Soc. 2000;64:11-54.
6
Carroll WK. The Making of a Transnational Capitalist Class: Corporate Power in the 21st Century. London: Zed Books; 2010.
7
Carroll WK, Sapinski JP. Neoliberalism and the transnational capitalist class. In: Birch K, MacLeavy J, Springer S, eds. The Handbook of Neoliberalism. London: Routledge; 2016:25-35.
8
Sklair L. The Transnational capitalist class, social movements, and alternatives to capitalist globalization. International Critical Thought. 2016;6:329-341.
9
Sherman S. How Will We Live with the Tumult? Fortune. December 13, 1993:123-125.
10
Useem M. Investor Capitalism: How Money Managers are Changing the Face of Corporate America. New York: Basic Books; 1996.
11
Rattner S. If Productivity’s Rising, Why Are Jobs Paying Less? New York Times. September 19, 1993.
12
Schrecker T, Bambra C. How Politics Makes Us Sick: Neoliberal Epidemics. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan; 2015.
13
Illness as indicator: Local health outcomes predict Trumpward swings. The Economist. November 19, 2016.
14
Brunner J. The Sheep Look Up. New York: Harper & Row; 1972.
15
Maynard A. Shrinking the state: the fate of the NHS and social care. J R Soc Med. 2017;110(2):49-51. doi:10.1177/0141076816686923
16
Green M, Dorling D, Minton J. The geography of a rapid rise in elderly mortality in England and Wales, 2014-15. Health Place. 2017;44:77-85. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.02.002
17
Michaels D, Monforton C. Manufacturing uncertainty: contested science and the protection of the public’s health and environment. Am J Public Health. 2005;95:S39-S48.
18
Michaels D. Scientific Evidence and Public Policy. Am J Public Health. 2005;95:S5-S7.
19
Michaels D. Manufactured Uncertainty. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1076:149-162.
20
Bergman A, Becher G, Blumberg B, et al. Manufacturing doubt about endocrine disrupter science - A rebuttal of industry-sponsored critical comments on the UNEP/WHO report ‘State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals 2012.’ Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2015;73:1007-1017.
21
World Health Organization, United Nations Environment Programme. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. http://www.ipcc.ch.
22
Page T. A generic view of toxic chemicals and similar risks. Ecol Law Q. 1978;7:207-244.
23
Paigen B. Controversy at Love Canal. Hastings Cent Rep. 1982;12(3):29-37.
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Passed the Age of Puberty: Organizational Networks as a Way to Get Things Done in the Health Field; Comment on “Evaluating Global Health Partnerships: A Case Study of a Gavi HPV Vaccine Application Process in Uganda”
In this commentary I will demonstrate that the case study of Uganda’s Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine application partnership provides an excellent example of widening our lens by evaluating the successful HP vaccine coverage from a network-centric perspective. That implies that the organizational network is seen as the locus of production and that network theories become indispensable to analyze the situation at hand. The case study is, as said, an excellent example of how this can be done and my comments have to be read as an endorsement and a broadening of the discussion of what Carol Kamya and colleagues have presented. It is demonstrated that an organizational network approach can be considered a serious and mature way in understanding public health issues.
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3355_12077b02bc211d55dd50fd24ca7f78f5.pdf
2017-11-01
677
679
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.51
Partnership
Organization Network
Social Network Analysis
Evaluation
HPV Vaccine Coverage
Patrick
Kenis
patrick.kenis@ams.ac.be
1
Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
LEAD_AUTHOR
Kamya C, Shearer J, Asiimwe G, et al. Evaluating global health partnerships: a case study of a Gavi HPV vaccine application process in Uganda. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2017; Forthcoming. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.137
1
Mandell M, Keast R, Chamberlain D. Collaborative networks and the need for a new management language. Public Management Review. 2017;19(3):326-341. 10.1080/14719037.2016.1209232
2
Vangen S, Hayes JP, Cornforth C. Governing cross-sector, inter-organizational collaborations. Public Management Review. 2015;17(9);1237-1260. doi:10.1080/14719037.2014.903658
3
Kickbusch I, Cassels A, Liu A. New directions in Governing the Global Health Domain. Leadership Challenges for WHO. Global Health Centre Working Paper No. 13. Geneva: Global Health Centre; 2016.
4
Provan KG, Kenis P. Modes of network governance: structure, management, and effectiveness. J Public Adm Res Theory. 2016;18(2):229-252. doi:10.1093/jopart/mum015
5
Raab J, Kenis P. Heading toward a society of networks: empirical developments and theoretical challenges. Journal of Management Inquiry. 2009;18(3):198-210. doi:10.1177/1056492609337493
6
Provan KG, Veazie MA, Staten LK, Teufel‐Shone NI. The use of network analysis to strengthen community partnerships. Public Adm Rev. 2005;65(5):603-613. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2005.00487.x
7
Thomson AM, Perry JL. Collaboration processes: inside the black box. Public Adm Rev. 2006;66:20-32. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00663.x
8
Raab J, Mannak RS, Cambré B. Combining structure, governance, and context: a configurational approach to network effectiveness. J Public Adm Res Theory. 2013;25(2):479-511. doi:10.1093/jopart/mut039
9
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Define and Conquer: How Semantics Foster Progress; A Response to Recent Commentaries
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3360_102c70f05a1c9b6cd3b642597375d1c2.pdf
2017-11-01
681
682
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.116
Medicalisation
Overdiagnosis
Society
Wieteke
van Dijk
wieteke.vandijk@radboudumc.nl
1
Celsus Academy for Sustainable Healthcare, and Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare (IQ healthcare), Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
LEAD_AUTHOR
Marjan J.
Faber
marjan.faber@radboudumc.nl
2
Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare (IQ healthcare), Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
AUTHOR
Marit A.C.
Tanke
marit.tanke@radboudumc.nl
3
Celsus Academy for Sustainable Healthcare, and Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare (IQ healthcare), Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
AUTHOR
Patrick P.T.
Jeurissen
patrick.jeurissen@radboudumc.nl
4
Celsus Academy for Sustainable Healthcare, and Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare (IQ healthcare), Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
AUTHOR
Gert P.
Westert
gert.westert@radboudumc.nl
5
Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare (IQ healthcare), Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
AUTHOR
Van Dijk W, Faber M, Tanke M, Jeurissen P, Westert G. Medicalisation and Overdiagnosis: What Society Does to Medicine. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2016 Aug 31;5(11):619-622. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.121
1
Carter SM. Overdiagnosis: an important issue that demands rigour and precision. Comment on “Medicalisation and overdiagnosis: what society does to medicine.” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2017; Forthcoming.
2
Hofmann B. On the social construction of overdiagnosis. Comment on “Medicalisation and overdiagnosis: what society does to medicine.” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2017; Forthcoming.
3
Wardrope A. Mistaking the Map for the Territory: What Society Does With Medicine. Comment on “medicalisation and overdiagnosis: what society does to medicine.” Int J Health Policy Manag. 2017; Forthcoming.
4
Conrad P. The shifting engines of medicalization. J Health Soc Behav. 2005;46:3-14.
5
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Family Planning as a Possible Measure to Alleviate Poverty in the Philippines – Beyond Sociocultural Norms and Pervasive Opposition
https://www.ijhpm.com/article_3366_df82bab89877daeb203ca2f0d9f584c4.pdf
2017-11-01
683
684
10.15171/ijhpm.2017.57
Poverty
Philippines
Rodrigo Duterte
Abortion
Catholic
Akihiko
Ozaki
ozakiakihiko@gmail.com
1
Department of Surgery, Minamisoma Municipal General Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Angeli
Guadalupe
angeliguadalupe@gmail.com
2
Department of Pediatrics, Brokenshire Memorial Hospital, Davao City, Philippines
AUTHOR
Arra Barrameda
Saquido
artraeis@gmail.com
3
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Malate Manila, Philippines
AUTHOR
Diana Francesca
Gepte
diana.gepte@gmail.com
4
College of Medicine, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, Metro Manila, Philippines
AUTHOR
Asaka
Higuchi
a.higuchi1025@gmail.com
5
Department of Hematology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
AUTHOR
Tomohiro
Morita
t.morita526@gmail.com
6
Department of Internal Medicine, Soma Central Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
AUTHOR
Tetsuya
Tanimoto
tetanimot@yahoo.co.jp
7
Department of Internal Medicine, Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, Fukushima, Japan
AUTHOR
Philippine Commission on women. Population, families and household statistics. Web site. http://pcw.gov.ph/statistics/201405/population-families-and-household-statistics. Accessed March 3, 2017. Published 2014.
1
Philippine Statistics Authority. Child poverty in the Philippines. https://www.unicef.org/philippines/ChildPovertyinthePhilippines_web.pdf. Accessed March 3, 2017. Published 2015.
2
Philippine epidemic calls for urgent action on HIV. Lancet HIV. 2016;3(3):e105. doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(16)00021-7
3
Zhang S. Zika virus may push South America to loosen abortion bans. https://www.wired.com/2016/01/abortion-and-zika-south-america/. Accessed March 3, 2017. Published 2016.
4
Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Law. Commission on Population, Department of Health, Republic of the Philippines website. http://www.popcom.gov.ph/62-press-releases/rp-rh-law/rp-rh-law-introduction/329-responsible-parenthood-and-reproductive-health-rp-rh-law. Accessed April 29, 2017.
5
Duterte presses Supreme Court on Reproductive Health law. ABC-CNB News. 2017. http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/11/17/duterte-presses-supreme-court-on-reproductive-health-law. Accessed April 29, 2017.
6