TY - JOUR ID - 4096 TI - Dual Agency in Hospitals: What Strategies Do Managers and Physicians Apply to Reconcile Dilemmas Between Clinical and Economic Considerations? JO - International Journal of Health Policy and Management JA - IJHPM LA - en SN - AU - Waitzberg, Ruth AU - Gottlieb, Nora AU - Quentin, Wilm AU - Busse, Reinhard AU - Greenberg, Dan AD - The Smokler Center for Health Policy Research, Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute, Jerusalem, Israel AD - Department of Health Care Management, Faculty of Economics & Management, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany AD - Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel Y1 - 2022 PY - 2022 VL - 11 IS - 9 SP - 1823 EP - 1834 KW - Dual Agency KW - Dilemma KW - Reconciliation Strategies KW - Israel KW - Germany KW - Activity-Based Payments DO - 10.34172/ijhpm.2021.87 N2 - Background  Hospital professionals are “dual agents” who may face dilemmas between their commitment to patients’ clinical needs and hospitals’ financial sustainability. This study examines whether and how hospital professionals balance or reconcile clinical and economic considerations in their decision-making in two countries with activity-based payment systems.Methods  We conducted 46 semi-structured interviews with hospital managers, chief physicians and practicing physicians in five German and five Israeli hospitals in 2018/2019. We used thematic analysis to identify common topics and patterns of meaning. Results  Hospital professionals report many situations in which activity-based payment incentivizes proper treatment, and clinical and economic considerations are aligned. This is the case when efficiency can be improved, eg, by curbing unnecessary expenditures or specializing in certain procedures. When considerations are misaligned, hospital professionals have developed a range of strategies that may contribute to balancing competing considerations. These include ‘reshaping management,’ such as better planning of the entire course of treatment and improvement of the coding; and ‘reframing decision- making,’ which involves working with averages and developing tool-kits for decision- making. Conclusion  Misalignment of economic and clinical considerations does not necessarily have negative implications, if professionals manage to balance and reconcile them. Context is important in determining if considerations can be reconciled or not. Reconciling strategies are fragile and can be easily disrupted depending on context. Creating tool-kits for better decision- making, planning the treatment course in advance, working with averages, and having interdisciplinary teams to think together about ways to improve efficiency can help mitigate dilemmas of hospital professionals. UR - https://www.ijhpm.com/article_4096.html L1 - https://www.ijhpm.com/article_4096_b320004be37fd430bd8a08da81bff95a.pdf ER -