International Journal of Health Policy and Management

International Journal of Health Policy and Management

“Caught in Each Other’s Traps”: Factors Perpetuating Incentive-Linked Prescribing Deals Between Physicians and the Pharmaceutical Industry

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Mishal Sameer Khan 1, 2, 3
Afifah Rahman-Shepherd 1
Muhammad Naveed Noor 2, 4
Amna Rehana Siddiqui 3
Catherine Goodman 1
Virginia Wiseman 1, 5
Afshan Khurshid Isani 6
Wafa Aftab 3
Sabeen Sharif 2
Sadia Shakoor 2
Sameen Siddiqi 3
Rumina Hasan 2
1 Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
2 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
3 Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
4 Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
5 The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
6 TB Control Program, Health Department, Government of Sindh, Sindh, Pakistan
10.34172/ijhpm.2024.8213
Abstract
Background 
Despite known adverse impacts on patients and health systems, “incentive-linked prescribing,” which describes the prescribing of medicines that result in personal benefits for the prescriber, remains a widespread and hidden impediment to quality of healthcare. We investigated factors perpetuating incentive-linked prescribing among primary care physicians in for-profit practices (referred to as private doctors – PDs), using Pakistan as a case study.
 
Methods 
Our mixed-methods study synthesised insights from a survey of 419 systematically sampled PDs and 68 semistructured interviews with PDs (n = 28), pharmaceutical sales representatives (SRs) (n=12), and provincial and national policy actors (n = 28). For the survey, we built a verified database of all registered PDs within Karachi, Pakistan’s most populous city, administered an electronic questionnaire in-person and descriptively analysed the data. Semi-structured interviews incorporated a vignette-based exercise and data was analysed using an interpretive approach.
 
Results 
Our survey showed that 90% of PDs met pharmaceutical SRs weekly. Three interlinked factors perpetuating incentive-linked prescribing we identified were: gaps in understanding of conflicts of interest and loss of values among doctors; financial pressures on doctors operating in a (largely) privately financed health-system, exacerbated by competition with unqualified healthcare providers; and aggressive incentivisation by pharmaceutical companies, linked to low political will to regulate an over-saturated pharmaceutical market.
 
Conclusion 
Regular interactions between pharmaceutical companies and PDs are normalised in our study setting. Progress on regulating these is hindered by the substantial role of incentive-linked prescribing in the financial success of physicians and pharmaceutical industry employees. A first step towards addressing the entrenchment of incentivelinked prescribing may be to reduce opposition to restrictions on incentivisation of physicians from stakeholders within the pharmaceutical industry, physicians themselves, and policy-makers concerned about curtailing growth of the pharmaceutical industry.
Keywords
Private Healthcare
Healthcare Quality
Conflict of Interest
Pharmaceutical Marketing
Pakistan
Mixed Methods 
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International Journal of Health Policy and Management
Volume 13, Issue 1
2024
Pages 1-11

  • Received Date 25 July 2023
  • Revised Date 17 November 2023
  • Accepted Date 16 March 2024
  • First Published Date 17 March 2024
  • Published Date 01 December 2024