International Journal of Health Policy and Management

International Journal of Health Policy and Management

Developing Integrated Extended Pharmacist Roles and Services for Equitable Access and Outcomes in Primary Healthcare: A Realist Evaluation

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Tara N. Officer 1
Janet McDonald 2
Kirsten Smiler 2
Lynne Russell 2
Jonathan Kennedy 3
Eileen McKinlay 4
Marianna Churchward 2
Ausaga Fa’asalele Tanuvasa 2
Jacqueline Cumming 2
Mereana Pere 2
Mona Jeffreys 2
Caroline Morris 3
1 School of Nursing, Midwifery, and Health Practice, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
2 Health Services Research Centre, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
3 Department of Primary Health Care & General Practice, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
4 Centre for Interprofessional Education, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
10.34172/ijhpm.9127
Abstract
Background 
Pharmacists’ roles have been moving from dispensing towards more patient-focused extended clinical care, signalling changes in health service policy and delivery. This paper evaluates the development of practice pharmacists’ roles and services in primary healthcare (PHC) settings in New Zealand (Aotearoa), how services were implemented, and how pharmacists, patients, and other PHC professionals responded to role and service developments.
 
Methods 
We applied a realist evaluation methodology, identifying context (C) into which initiatives are introduced, mechanism (M) triggered or attenuated by the context, and resulting outcome (O). CMO configurations were developed, tested and refined through rapid realist review, key informant interviews, six case studies, and a national survey. Although not every project stage is fully documented in this paper, each contributed to the final theories. The desired outcome was defined as: Practice pharmacists are integrated within PHC teams, and their services are accepted and utilised by patients. Practice pharmacist services are equitably accessible throughout Aotearoa and contribute to equitable health outcomes.
 
Results 
Four programme theories, based on 22 CMO configurations, showed how contexts and mechanisms at national, service, role, and patient levels could enable or attenuate reaching the desired outcome; for example, through a burning platform for change, supportive colleagues and infrastructure, well-fitting roles, and patient awareness, or conversely through, disjointed leadership, limited understanding and role uncertainty, and lack of access to practice pharmacists. Funding, regardless of source, operated across all levels as context and mechanism.
 
Conclusion 
Practice pharmacist services operate within multiple contexts and levels; their development and implementation requires a systems view. Opportunities exist to achieve the desired outcome by strengthening enabling contexts or reducing barriers within attenuating contexts. Policy-makers now need to focus on equitable service distribution, sustainable ways to fund and employ practice pharmacists, and the equity impact of patient copayments.
Keywords
Practice Pharmacist
Practice-Based Pharmacist
Primary Healthcare
General Practice
Aotearoa New Zealand
Realist Evaluation
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International Journal of Health Policy and Management
Volume 14, Issue 1
2025
Pages 1-16

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  • Received Date 01 April 2025
  • Revised Date 02 September 2025
  • Accepted Date 08 November 2025
  • First Published Date 12 November 2025
  • Published Date 01 December 2025