Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H,
et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.
Lancet 2013; 380: 2224-60. doi:
10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8
World Health Organization (WHO). Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: WHO; 2009.
Mathers C, Fat DM, Boerma J. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Geneva: WHO; 2008.
Allender S, Lacey B, Webster P, Rayner M, Deepa M, Scarborough P,
et al. Level of urbanization and noncommunicable disease risk factors in Tamil Nadu, India.
Bull World Health Organ 2010; 88(4): 297-304. doi:
10.2471/blt.09.065847
Hosseinpoor AR, Bergen N, Kunst A, Harper S, Guthold R, Rekve D,
et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in risk factors for non communicable diseases in low-income and middle-income countries: results from the World Health Survey.
BMC Public Health 2012; 12: 912. doi:
10.1186/1471-2458-12-912
Hessari H, Vehkalahti MM, Eghbal MJ, Murtomaa HT. Oral health among 35-to 44-year-old Iranians.
Med Princ Pract 2007;16: 280-5. doi:
10.1159/000102150
Bloom DE, Shannon S. The Demography of Aging. Molecular Aspects of Aging: Understanding Lung Aging. John Wiley & Sons; 2014. p. 1-12.
Mbawalla HS, Masalu JR, Åstrøm AN. Socio-demographic and behavioural correlates of oral hygiene status and oral health related quality of life, the Limpopo-Arusha school health project (LASH): A cross-sectional study.
BMC Pediatr 2010; 10: 87. doi:
10.1186/1471-2431-10-87
Sheiham A. Oral health, general health and quality of life. Bull World Health Organ 2005; 83: 644.
Locker D, Quiñonez C. To what extent do oral disorders compromise the quality of life?
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2011; 39: 3-11. doi:
10.1111/j.1600-0528.2010.00597.x
Tezal M, Scannapieco FA, Wactawski-Wende J, Meurman JH, Marshall JR, Rojas IG,
et al. Dental Caries and Head and Neck Cancers.
JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 139: 1054-60. doi:
10.1001/jamaoto.2013.4569
Nasrollahzadeh D, Malekzadeh R, Aghcheli K, Sotoudeh M, Merat S, Islami F, et al. Gastric atrophy and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: possible interaction with dental health and oral hygiene habit. Br J Cancer 2012; 107: 888-94.
Dar N, Islami F, Bhat G, Shah I, Makhdoomi M, Iqbal B,
et al. Poor oral hygiene and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Kashmir.
Br J Cancer 2013; 109: 1367-72. doi:
10.1111/cas.12210
Abnet CC, Kamangar F, Islami F, Nasrollahzadeh D, Brennan P, Aghcheli K,
et al. Tooth loss and lack of regular oral hygiene are associated with higher risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 3062-8. doi:
10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0558
American Dental Association (ADA). Statement on Regular Brushing and Flossing to Help Prevent Oral Infections. American Dental Association; 2013.
Lapin B, Smith AJ. Dental Care: The Often Neglected Part of Health Care. New Haven, CT: Yale University; 2008.
Glick M, Monteiro da Silva O, Seeberger GK, Xu T, Pucca G, Williams DM,
et al. FDI Vision 2020: shaping the future of oral health. Int Dent J 2012; 62: 278-91. doi:
10.1111/idj.12009
Marcenes W, Kassebaum N, Bernabé E, Flaxman A, Naghavi M, Lopez A
, et al. Global Burden of Oral Conditions in 1990-2010 A Systematic Analysis.
J Dent Res 2013; 92: 592-7. doi:
10.1177/0022034513490168
Petersen PE, Ogawa H. The global burden of periodontal disease: towards integration with chronic disease prevention and control.
Periodontology 2000 2012; 60(1): 15-39. doi:
10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00425.x
Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century–the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003; 31: 3-24. doi:
10.1046/j..2003.com122.x
Petersen PE, Bourgeois D, Ogawa H, Estupinan-Day S, Ndiaye C. The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health. Bull World Health Organ 2005; 83: 661-9.
Petersen PE, Hoerup N, Poomviset N, Prommajan J, Watanapa A. Oral health status and oral health behaviour of urban and rural schoolchildren in Southern Thailand.
Int Dent J 2001; 51: 95-102. doi:
10.1002/j.1875-595x.2001.tb00829.x
Ismail AI, Sohn W. The impact of universal access to dental care on disparities in caries experience in children.
J Am Dent Assoc 2001; 132: 295-303. doi:
10.14219/jada.archive.2001.0172
Paulander J, Axelsson P, Lindhe J. Association between level of education and oral health status in 35, 50, 65and 75yearolds.
J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30(8): 697-704. doi:
10.1034/j.1600-051x.2003.00357.x
Manski RJ, Magder LS. Demographic and socioeconomic predictors of dental care utilization.
J Am Dent Assoc 1998; 129: 195-200. doi:
10.14219/jada.archive.1998.0177
Sabbah W, Tsakos G, Sheiham A, Watt RG. The role of health-related behaviors in the socioeconomic disparities in oral health.
Soc Sci Med 2009; 68: 298-303. doi:
10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.10.030
Polk DE, Weyant RJ, Manz MC. Socioeconomic factors in adolescents’ oral health: are they mediated by oral hygiene behaviors or preventive interventions?
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 1-9. doi:
10.1111/j.1600-0528.2009.00499.x
Petersen PE. Sociobehavioural risk factors in dental caries–international perspectives.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2005; 33: 274-9. doi:
10.1111/j.1600-0528.2005.00235.x
Rao VK, Balan A. The influence of socio economic status on dental caries in Indian children. Int J Adv Life Sci 2013; 6: 527-31.
Johnson NW, Warnakulasuriya S, Gupta P, Dimba E, Chindia M, Otoh E,
et al. Global oral health inequalities in incidence and outcomes for oral cancer causes and solutions.
Adv Dent Res 2011; 23: 237-46. doi:
10.1177/0022034511402082
Watt R, Sheiham A. Health policy: Inequalities in oral health: a review of the evidence and recommendations for action.
Br Dent J 1999; 187(1): 6-12. doi:
10.1038/sj.bdj.4800191
Brennan D, Spencer A. Childhood Oral Health and SES Predictors of Caries in 30-Year-Olds.
Caries Res 2014; 48: 237-43. doi:
10.1159/000354044
Petersen PE. Global policy for improvement of oral health in the 21st century–implications to oral health research of World Health Assembly 2007, World Health Organization.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2009; 37: 1-8. doi:
10.1111/j.1600-0528.2008.00448.x
Faulks D, Freedman L, Thompson S, Sagheri D, Dougall A. The value of education in special care dentistry as a means of reducing inequalities in oral health.
Eur J Dent Educ 2012; 16: 195-201. doi:
10.1111/j.1600-0579.2012.00736.x
Kowash M, Pinfield A, Smith J, Curzon M. Dental health education: effectiveness on oral health of a long-term health education programme for mothers with young children.
Br Dent J 2000; 188: 201-5. doi:
10.1038/sj.bdj.4800431a
Petersen PE, Peng B, Tai B, Bian Z, Fan M. Effect of a school-based oral health education programme in Wuhan City, Peoples Republic of China.
Int Dent J 2004; 54: 33-41. doi:
10.1111/j.1875-595x.2004.tb00250.x
Wierzbicka M, Petersen PE, Szatko F, Dybizbanska E, Kalo I. Changing oral health status and oral health behaviour of schoolchildren in Poland. Community Dent Health 2002; 19: 243-50.
Rong WS, Bian JY, Wang WJ, De Wang J. Effectiveness of an oral health education and caries prevention program in kindergartens in China. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003; 31: 412-6.
Pakshir HR. Oral health in Iran. Int Dent J 2004; 54: 367-72.
Pakpour A, Hidarnia A, Hajizadeh E, Kumar S, Fridlund B. Why Iranian adolescents do not brush their teeth: a qualitative study.
Int J Dent Hyg 2012; 10: 86-90. doi:
10.1111/j.1601-5037.2011.00513.x
Sanei AS, Nikbakht–Nasrabadi A. Periodontal health status and treatment needs in Iranian adolescent population. Arch Iranian Med 2005; 8: 290-4.
Yazdani R, Vehkalahti M, Nouri M, Murtomaa H. Oral health and treatment needs among 15-year-olds in Tehran, Iran. Community Dent Health 2008; 25: 221-5.
Pakpour AH, Hidarnia A, Hajizadeh E, Kumar S, Harrison AP. The status of dental caries and related factors in a sample of Iranian adolescents.
Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2011; 16: e822-7. doi:
10.4317/medoral.17074
Kasmaei P, Shokravi FA, Hidarnia A, Hajizadeh E, Atrkar-Roushan Z, Shirazi KK,
et al. Brushing behavior among young adolescents: does perceived severity matter.
BMC Public Health 2014; 14: 8. doi:
10.1186/1471-2458-14-8
Christensen LB, Petersen PE, Krustrup U, Kjøller M. Self-reported oral hygiene practices among adults in Denmark. Community Dent Health 2003; 20: 229-35.
Harada S, Akhter R, Kurita K, Mori M, Hoshikoshi M, Tamashiro H,
et al. Relationships between lifestyle and dental health behaviors in a rural population in Japan.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2005; 33: 17-24. doi:
10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00189.x
Kim CS, Han SY, Kim CW. The relationship between regional socioeconomic position and oral health behavior: A multilevel approach analysis.
J Korean Acad Oral Health 2013; 37: 208-15. doi:
10.11149/jkaoh.2013.37.4.208
Ronis DL, Lang WP, Farghaly MM, Passow E. Tooth Brushing, Flossing, and Preventive Dental Visits by Detroitarea Residents in Relation to Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors.
J Public Health Dent 1993; 53: 138-45. doi:
10.1111/j.1752-7325.1993.tb02692.x
Demirer S, Gursoy U, Ozdemir H, Erdemir E, Uitto V. Periodontal health knowledge and smoking are associated with periodontal treatment need according to tooth brushing levels. West Indian Med J 2012; 61: 191-7.
Varenne B, Petersen PE, Ouattara S. Oral health behaviour of children and adults in urban and rural areas of Burkina Faso, Africa.
Int Dent J 2006; 56: 61-70. doi:
10.1111/j.1875-595x.2004.tb00260.x
Mashoto KO, Astrom AN, Skeie MS, Masalu JR. Socio-demographic disparity in oral health among the poor: a cross sectional study of early adolescents in Kilwa district, Tanzania.
BMC Oral Health 2010; 10: 7. doi:
10.1186/1472-6831-10-7
Petersen PE. Improvement of global oral health-the leadership role of the World Health Organization. Community Dent Health 2010; 27: 194-8.
Dickinson C, Beatty C, Marshall D. A pilot study: are dental hygienists in Texas ready for the elderly population explosion?
Int J Dent Hyg 2012; 10: 128-37. doi:
10.1111/j.1601-5037.2011.00526.x
Rabiei M, Kasemnezhad E, Shakiba M, Pourkay H. Prevalence of oral and dental disorders in institutionalised elderly people in Rasht, Iran.
Gerodontology 2010; 27: 174-7. doi:
10.1111/j.1741-2358.2009.00313.x
Marchini L, Vieira P, Bossan T, Montenegro F, Cunha V. Self-reported oral hygiene habits among institutionalised elderly and their relationship to the condition of oral tissues in Taubaté, Brazil.
Gerodontology 2006; 23: 33-7. doi:
10.1111/j.1741-2358.2006.00092.x
Yekaninejad MS, Eshraghian MR, Nourijelyani K, Mohammad K, Foroushani AR, Zayeri F,
et al. Effect of a school-based oral healtheducation program on Iranian children: results from a group randomized trial.
Eur J Oral Sci 2012; 120: 429-37. doi:
10.1111/j.1600-0722.2012.00993.x
Dawani N, Qureshi A, Syed S. Integrated School-Based Child Oral Health Education. J Dow Univ Health Sci 2012; 6: 110-4.
Bhardwaj VK, Sharma KR, Luthra RP, Jhingta P, Sharma D, Justa A. Impact of school-based oral health education program on oral health of 12 and 15 years old school children.
J Educ Health Promot 2013; 2: 33. doi:
10.4103/2277-9531.115820
Sepehr A, Kamangar F, Fahimi S, Saidi F, Abnet CC, Dawsey SM. Poor oral health as a risk factor for esophageal squamous dysplasia in northeastern Iran. Anticancer Res 2005; 25: 543-6.
Singh A, Rouxel P, Watt R, Tsakos G. Social inequalities in clustering of oral health related behaviors in a national sample of British adults.
Prev Med 2013; 57: 102-6. doi:
10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.04.018
Sheiham A, Watt RG. The common risk factor approach: a rational basis for promoting oral health.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2000; 28: 399-406. doi:
10.1034/j.1600-0528.2000.028006399.x
Franchini R, Petri A, Migliario M, Rimondini L. Poor oral hygiene and gingivitis are associated with obesity and overweight status in paediatric subjects.
J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38: 1021-8. doi:
10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01770.x
Alves LS, Susin C, Damé-Teixeira N, Maltz M. Overweight and obesity are not associated with dental caries among 12-year-old South Brazilian schoolchildren.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2013; 41: 224-31. doi:
10.1111/cdoe.12010
Ojima M, Hanioka T, Tanaka K, Aoyama H. Cigarette smoking and tooth loss experience among young adults: a national record linkage study.
BMC Public Health 2007; 7: 313. doi:
10.1186/1471-2458-7-313
Moynihan P. The Role of Diet in the Prevention of Dental Diseases. In: Limeback H, editor. Comprehensive Preventive Dentistry. John Wiley & Sons; 2012. p. 99.
Haber J, Wattles J, Crowley M, Mandell R, Joshipura K, Kent RL. Evidence for cigarette smoking as a major risk factor for periodontitis.
J Periodontol 1993; 64: 16-23. doi:
10.1902/jop.1993.64.1.16
Ding D, Zhong X, Lau JT, Oldenburg B. Behavioral medicine and prevention of non-communicable diseases in China: current challenges and future directions.
Int J Behav Med 2014; 21: 584-9. doi:
10.1007/s12529-014-9393-7
Glanz K, Bishop DB. The role of behavioral science theory in development and implementation of public health interventions. Annu Rev Public Health 2010; 31: 399-418.
Dorri M, Sheiham A, Watt RG. Modelling the factors influencing general and oral hygiene behaviours in adolescents.
Int J Paediatr Dent 2010; 20: 261-9. doi:
10.1111/j.1365-263x.2010.01048.x
Rose G. Sick individuals and sick populations.
Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30: 427-32. doi:
10.1093/ije/30.3.427