US Environmental Protection Agency. Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: lung cancer and other disorders. Washington, DC: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Radiation; 1992.
Siegel M. Involuntary smoking in the restaurant workplace. A review of employee exposure and health effects.
JAMA 1993; 270: 490-3. doi:
10.1001/jama.1993.03510040094036
Maskarinec MP, Jenkins RA, Counts RW, Dindal AB. Determination of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in restaurant and tavern workers in one US city.
J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2000; 10: 36-49. doi:
10.1038/sj.jea.7500069
Alesci NL, Forster JL, Blaine T. Smoking visibility, perceived acceptability, and frequency in various locations among youth and adults.
Prev Med 2003; 36: 272-81. doi:
10.1016/s0091-7435(02)00029-4
Tang H, Cowling DW, Stevens CM, Lloyd JC. Changes of knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and preference of bar owner and staff in response to a smoke-free bar law.
Tob Control 2004;13: 87-9. doi:
10.1136/tc.2003.004390
Eisner MD, Smith AK, Blanc PD. Bartenders’ respiratory health after establishment of smoke-free bars and taverns.
JAMA 1998; 280: 1909-14. doi:
10.1001/jama.280.22.1909
Pursell L, Allwright S, O’Donovan D, Paul G, Kelly A, Mullally BJ,
et al. Before and after study of bar workers’ perceptions of the impact of smoke-free workplace legislation in the Republic of Ireland
. BMC Public Health 2007;7
: 131
. doi:
10.1186/1471-2458-7-131
Rayens MK, Hahn EJ, Langley RE, Hedgecock S, Butler KM, Greathouse-Maggio L
. Public opinion and smoke-free laws
. Policy Polit Nurs Pract 2007; 8: 262-70. doi:
10.1177/1527154407312736
Tang H, Cowling DW, Lloyd JC, Rogers T, Koumjian KL, Stevens C
. Changes of attitudes and patronage behaviors in response to a smoke-free bar law
. Am J Public Health 2003
; 93
: 611
-7
. doi:
10.2105/ajph.93.4.611
World Health Organization (WHO). WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva; WHO; 2005
Salawu F, Danburam A, Agbo J, Onye-eri K. Awareness of the risks of cigarette smoking among patients in northeast Nigeria.
Sahel Medical Journal 2007; 10: 29-33. doi:
10.4314/smj2.v10i1.12927
Ibeh CC, Ele PU. Prevalence of cigarette smoking in young Nigerian females. Afr J Med Med Sci 2003; 32: 335-8.
Salawu F, Danburam A, Isa B, Agbo J. Cigarette smoking habits among adolescents in northeast Nigeria.
Int J Epidemiol 2010; 8(1). Available from:
https://ispub.com/IJE/8/1/4789
Faseru B, Barengo NC, Sandström HP, Omokhodion F. Smoking behavior and perception of risk among medical students in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Global Heart 2006; 2: 103-9. doi:
10.1016/j.precon.2006.10.001
Elegbeleye OO, Femi-Pearse D. Incidence and variables contributing to onset of cigarette smoking among secondary school children and medical students in Lagos, Nigeria.
Br J Prev Soc Med 1976; 30: 66-70. doi:
10.1136/jech.30.1.66
Omokhodion FO, Faseru BO. Perception of cigarette smoking and advertisement among senior secondary school students in Ibadan, Nigeria.
West Afr J Med 2001; 26: 206-9. doi:
10.4314/wajm.v26i3.28310
National Population Commission (NPC). Nigerian Population Facts and Figures 2005 [internet]. [cited 2013 May 12]. Available from:
http://www.population.gov.ng
Owusu-Dabo E, Lewis S, McNeill A, Gilmore A, Britton J. Support for smoke-free policy, and awareness of tobacco health effects and use of smoking cessation therapy in a developing country.
BMC Public Health 2011; 11: 572. doi:
10.1186/1471-2458-11-572
Scollo M, Lal A, Hyland A, Glantz S. Review of the quality of studies on the economic effects of smoke-free policies on the hospitality industry.
Tob Control 2003, 12: 13-20. doi:
10.1136/tc.12.1.13
Alpert HR, Carpenter CM, Travers MJ, Connolly GN. Environmental and economic evaluation of the Massachusetts smoke-free workplace law.
J Community Health 2007; 32: 269-81. doi:
10.1007/s10900-007-9048-6
Eriksen M, Chaloupka F. The economic impact of Clean Indoor Air Laws.
CA Cancer J Clin 2007; 57: 367-78. doi:
10.3322/ca.57.6.367
Luk R, Ferrence R, Gmel G. The economic impact of a smoke-free bylaw on restaurant and bar sales in Ottawa, Canada.
Addiction 2006; 101: 738-45. doi:
10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01434.x
Melberg HO, Lund KE. Do smoke free laws affect revenues in pubs and restaurants?
Eur J Health Econ 2012; 13: 93-9. doi:
10.1007/s10198-010-0287-6
World Health Organization (WHO). Tobacco or Health: a global status report. Geneva: WHO; 1997.
Pilkington P
, Gray S
, Gilmore A
, Daykin N.Attitudes towards second hand smoke amongst a highly exposed workforce: survey of London casino workers.
J Public Health 2006; 28: 104-10. doi:
10.1093/pubmed/fdi086
Hilton S, Semple S, Miller BG, MacCalman L, Petticrew M, Dempsey S,
et al. Expectations and changing attitudes of bar workers before and after the implementation of smoke-free legislation in Scotland.
BMC Public Health 2007; 7: 206. doi:
10.1186/1471-2458-7-206
Hyland A, Higbee C, Borland R, Travers M, Hastings G, Fong GT,
et al.Attitudes and beliefs about secondhand smoke and smoke-free policies in four countries: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey.
Nicotine and Tobacco Research 2009; 11: 642-9. doi:
10.1093/ntr/ntp063
Travers M, Cummings K, Hyland A, Repace J, Babb S, Caraballo R. Indoor Air Quality in Hospitality Venues Before and After the Implementation of a Clean Indoor Air Law – Western New York.
MMWR 2003; 53
: 1038-41. doi:
10.1097/01.cot.0000291669.36813.6f
Akhtar PC, Haw SJ, Levin KA, Currie DB, Zachary R, Currie CE. Socioeconomic differences in second-hand smoke exposure among children in Scotland after introduction of the smoke-free legislation.
J Epidemiol Community Health 2010; 64: 341-6. doi:
10.1136/jech.2008.084178
Bohac DL, Hewett MJ, Kapphahn KI, Grimsrud DT, Apte MG, Gundel LA. Change in indoor particle levels after a smoking ban in Minnesota bars and restaurants.
Am J Prev Med 2010; 39: S3-9. doi:
10.1016/j.amepre.2010.09.012
Brennan E, Cameron M, Warne C, Durkin S, Borland R, Travers MJ, et al. Secondhand smoke drift: Examining the influence of indoor smoking bans on indoor and outdoor air quality at pubs and bars. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12: 271-7.